The afghani is the currency of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, issued by the central bank Da Afghanistan Bank. It is nominally subdivided into 100 pul, although there are no pul coins currently in circulation.The original afghani (ISO 4217 code: AFA) was introduced in 1925, replacing the Afghan rupee that was used from 1891 and other currencies. In addition to being subdivided into 100 pul, 20 afghani were equal to one amani. The rate of conversion from the rupee is sometimes quoted as 1 afghani = 1 rupee 6 paisa,based on the silver contents of the last rupee coins and the first Afghani coins. The Afghani initially contained 9 grams of silver. The rupee was still in circulation until 1978. The first afghani banknotes were introduced in 1935.Between 1925 and 1928, Treasury notes were introduced in denominations of 5, 10 and 50 afghanis. In 1936, 2, 20 and 100 afghani notes were added. The Bank of Afghanistan (Da Afghanistan Bank) took over paper money production in 1939, issuing notes for 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 afghanis. The 2 and 5 afghani notes were replaced by coins in 1958. In 1993, 5000 and 10,000 afghani notes were introduced.&quot;}">The <strong>afghani </strong>is the currency of the<strong> Islamic Republic of Afghanistan</strong>, issued by the<strong> central bank Da Afghanistan Bank</strong>. It is nominally subdivided into 100 pul, although there are no pul coins currently in circulation.<br /><br />The original afghani (ISO 4217 code: <strong>AFA</strong>) was introduced in 1925, replacing the Afghan rupee that was used from 1891 and other currencies. In addition to being subdivided into 100 pul, 20 afghani were equal to one amani.<br /><br />The rate of conversion from the rupee is sometimes quoted as <strong>1 </strong><strong>afghani</strong><strong> = 1 rupee 6 </strong><strong>paisa</strong>, based on the silver contents of the last rupee coins and the first Afghani coins. The Afghani initially contained 9 grams of silver.<br /><br />The rupee was still in circulation until 1978. The first afghani banknotes were introduced in 1935. Between 1925 and 1928, Treasury notes were introduced in denominations of 5, 10 and 50 afghanis. In 1936, 2, 20 and 100 afghani notes were added. The Bank of Afghanistan (Da Afghanistan Bank) took over paper money production in 1939, issuing notes for 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 afghanis. The 2 and 5 afghani notes were replaced by coins in 1958. In 1993, 5000 and 10,000 afghani notes were introduced.</span>

The lek is the official currency of Albania. It is subdivided into 100 qindarka (singular qindarkë), although qindarka are no longer issued. The lek was introduced as the first Albanian currency in February 1926. In 1926, the National Bank of Albania (Banka Kombëtare e Shqipnis) introduced notes in denominations of 1, 5, 20 and 100 franka ari. In 1939, notes were issued denominated as 5 and 20 franga. These were followed in 1944 with notes for 2, 5 and 10 lek and 100 franga. In 1945, the People's Bank of Albania (Banka e Shtetit Shqiptar) issued overprints on National Bank notes for 10 lek, 20 and 100 franga. Regular notes were also issued in 1945 in denominations of 1, 5, 20, 100 and 500 franga. In 1947, the lek was adopted as the main denominations, with notes issued for 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 lekë. In 1965, notes (dated 1964) were introduced by the Banka e Shtetit Shqiptar in denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 lekë. A second series of notes was issued in 1976 when the country changed its name to the People's Socialist Republic. &quot;}">The<strong> lek </strong>is the official currency of <strong>Albania</strong>. It is subdivided into <strong>100 qindarka</strong> (singular qindarkë), although qindarka are no longer issued. The lek was introduced as the first Albanian currency in February 1926. In 1926, the <strong>National Bank of Albania</strong> (Banka Kombëtare e Shqipnis) introduced notes in denominations of 1, 5, 20 and 100 franka ari.<br /><br />In 1939, notes were issued denominated as 5 and 20 franga. These were followed in 1944 with notes for 2, 5 and 10 lek and 100 franga. In 1945, the People's Bank of Albania (Banka e Shtetit Shqiptar) issued overprints on National Bank notes for 10 lek, 20 and 100 franga. Regular notes were also issued in 1945 in denominations of 1, 5, 20, 100 and 500 franga. In 1947, the lek was adopted as the main denominations, with notes issued for 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 lekë. In 1965, notes (dated 1964) were introduced by the Banka e Shtetit Shqiptar in denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 lekë. A second series of notes was issued in 1976 when the country changed its name to the People's Socialist Republic.</span>

The dinar is the monetary currency of Algeria and it is subdivided into 100 centimes. Centimes are now obsolete due to their extremely low value. The dinar was introduced on 1 April 1964, replacing the Algerian new franc at par. The first series of dinar banknotes issued in 1964 consisted of banknotes in denominations of 5-, 10-, 50- and 100 dinars. In 1970, 500 dinar banknotes were added, followed by 1000 dinars in 1992.The 100 dinar note is being replaced by coins. 200, 500, and 1000 dinar notes are in circulation. The 1998 dated 500 and 1000 dinar notes have an additional vertical holographic strip on obverse.&quot;}">The <strong>dinar </strong>is the monetary currency of <strong>Algeria</strong> and it is subdivided into <strong>100 centimes</strong>. Centimes are now obsolete due to their extremely low value.<br /><br />The dinar was introduced on 1 April 1964, replacing the Algerian new franc at par. The first series of dinar banknotes issued in 1964 consisted of banknotes in denominations of 5-, 10-, 50- and 100 dinars. In 1970, 500 dinar banknotes were added, followed by 1000 dinars in 1992. The 100 dinar note is being replaced by coins. 200, 500, and 1000 dinar notes are in circulation. The 1998 dated 500 and 1000 dinar notes have an additional vertical holographic strip on obverse.</span>

Andorra has a monetary agreement with the EU allowing it to make the euro its official currency, and permitting it to issue euro coins from 1 July 2013. They planned to issue their first coins by March or April 2014. On 23 December coins were delivered for pre-booked customers at the Government Administration Building, and actual circulation began on 15 January 2015. Andorra did not have an official currency before adopting the euro, and unlike its two larger neighbours, France and Spain, which surround it, it is not a member of the EU. However it de facto used the EU's euro (the currency of the Eurozone states) as it had historically used the French franc and Spanish peseta. When those two currencies were replaced by the euro in 2002, the euro replaced the franc and peseta as the sole circulating currency in Andorra.&quot;}"><strong>Andorra</strong> has a monetary agreement with the EU allowing it to make the <strong>Euro</strong> its official currency and permitting it to issue euro coins from 1 July 2013. They planned to issue their first coins by March or April 2014. On 23 December coins were delivered for pre-booked customers at the Government Administration Building, and actual circulation began on 15 January 2015.<br /><br /><strong>Andorra </strong>did not have an official currency before adopting the euro, and unlike its two larger neighbours, France and Spain, which surround it, it is not a member of the EU. However it de facto used the EU's euro (the currency of the Eurozone states) as it had historically used the French franc and Spanish peseta. When those two currencies were replaced by the euro in 2002, the euro replaced the franc and peseta as the sole circulating currency in Andorra.</span>

The kwanza is the currency of Angola. Four different currencies using the name kwanza have circulated since 1977. Kwanza was introduced following Angolan independence. It replaced the escudo at par and was subdivided into 100 lwei. Its ISO 4217 code was AOK.On 8 January 1977, banknotes dated 11 DE NOVEMBRO DE 1975 were introduced by the Banco Nacional de Angola (National Bank of Angola) in denominations of 20, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 kwanzas. The banknotes are quite similar in design, with only different colours separating them.The Banco Nacional de Angola issued a new series of kwanza banknotes on March 22, 2013 in denominations of 50, 100, 200 and 500 kwanzas. The other denominations (1000, 2000 and 5000 kwanzas) were issued on May 31, 2013. In 2017, the Banco Nacional de Angola issued 5 and 10 kwanzas banknotes as part of the family of banknotes first introduced in 2012.&quot;}">The <strong> </strong><strong>kwanza</strong> is the currency of <strong>Angola</strong>. Four different currencies using the name kwanza have circulated since 1977. Kwanza was introduced following Angolan independence. It replaced the escudo at par and was subdivided into 100 lwei. Its ISO 4217 code was<strong> AOK</strong>.<br /><br />On 8 January 1977, banknotes dated 11 DE NOVEMBRO DE 1975 were introduced by the<strong> Banco Nacional de Angola</strong> (National Bank of Angola) in denominations of 20, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 kwanzas. The banknotes are quite similar in design, with only different colors separating them. The Banco Nacional de Angola issued a new series of kwanza banknotes on March 22, 2013 in denominations of 50, 100, 200 and 500 kwanzas. The other denominations (1000, 2000 and 5000 kwanzas) were issued on May 31, 2013. In 2017, the Banco Nacional de Angola issued 5 and 10 kwanzas banknotes as part of the family of banknotes first introduced in 2012.</span>

The <strong>Eastern Caribbean dollar</strong> is the currency of all seven full members and one associate member of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (<strong>OECS</strong>). The successor to the British West Indies dollar, it has existed since 1965, and it is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $ or, alternatively, EC$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies.<br /><br /><strong>The EC$ is subdivided into 100 cents</strong>. It has been pegged to the United States dollar since 7 July 1976, and the exchange rate is US$1 = EC$2.70. In 1965, the<strong> Eastern Caribbean Currency Authority </strong>issued banknotes in denominations of 1, 5, 20 and 100 dollars, all featuring Pietro Annigoni’s 1956 portrait of Queen Elizabeth II in regalia of Order of the Garter.

The <strong>Eastern Caribbean dollar</strong> is the currency of all seven full members and one associate member of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (<strong>OECS</strong>). The successor to the British West Indies dollar, it has existed since 1965, and it is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $ or, alternatively, EC$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies.<br /><br /><strong>The EC$ is subdivided into 100 cents</strong>. It has been pegged to the United States dollar since 7 July 1976, and the exchange rate is US$1 = EC$2.70. In 1965, the<strong>Eastern Caribbean Currency Authority </strong>issued banknotes in denominations of 1, 5, 20 and 100 dollars, all featuring Pietro Annigoni’s 1956 portrait of Queen Elizabeth II in regalia of Order of the Garter.

The <strong>peso </strong>is the currency of <strong>Argentina</strong>, identified by the symbol $ preceding the amount in the same way as many countries using dollar currencies. <strong>It is subdivided into 100 centavos</strong>. Its <strong>ISO 4217</strong> code is ARS.<br /><br />Since the late 20th century, <strong>the Argentine peso has experienced a substantial rate of devaluation</strong>, reaching 25% in 2017. The official exchange rate for the United States dollar hovered around 3:1 from 2002 to 2008, climbing to 6:1 between 2009 and 2013. By August 2018, the rate had risen to 40:1. In 1992, banknotes were introduced in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 pesos. The 1-peso note was replaced by a coin in 1994.  New bills, printed since 2002. As most bills have been replaced, it is rare to find ones marked as convertible except in the large $100 denominations. All bills are 155 × 65 mm in size.

The <strong>dram</strong> is the monetary unit of <strong>Armenia</strong> and the neighboring unrecognized <strong>Republic of Artsakh</strong> (Nagorno-Karabakh). <strong>It was historically subdivided into 100 luma</strong> (Armenian: լումա). <strong>The word "dram" translates into English as "money" </strong>and is cognate with the Greek drachma and the Arabic dirham, as well as the English weight unit dram.<br /><br />The first instance of a dram currency was in the period from 1199 to 1375, when silver coins called dram were issued. A first series of banknotes was issued in November 1993. It was withdrawn from circulation by 2005. A second series was issued from 1998 onwards which is still in use at present.On 22 November 1993, banknotes of 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 500 dram were issued. Notes for 1,000 and 5,000 dram were put into circulation later.Banknotes of 50-, 100, and 500 dram are rarely seen in circulation. The 50, 100, and 500 dram coins are used instead.<br /><br />A commemorative 50,000 dram note was issued on 4 June 2001 in commemoration of the 1700th anniversary of the adoption of Christianity in Armenia. A 500 dram commemorative note was issued on 22 November 2017 to commemorate the story of Noah's Ark. A third series of Armenian dram banknotes were issued in 2018, to commemorate the 25th anniversary of Armenia's national currency.

The <strong>florin</strong> is the currency of <strong>Aruba</strong>. <strong>It is subdivided into 100 cents</strong>. The florin was introduced in 1986, replacing the <strong>Netherlands Antillean guilder</strong> at par. Although the Aruban florin is pegged to the United States dollar at the rate of 1.79 florin per USD, the commonly used street value is at 1.75 florin per USD.<br /><br />The <strong>Central Bank of Aruba</strong> introduced banknotes in denominations of 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 florin and dated January 1, 1986. In 1990, the bank issued the same denominations in a colorful new family of notes designed by Aruban artist <strong>Evelino Fingal</strong>. As director of the Archaeological Museum, Fingal found inspiration in old Indian paintings and pot shards. Fingal combined decorative motives found on pre-Columbian pottery with pictures of animals unique to the island.<br /><br />The 500-florin notes were introduced in 1993, with the 5-florin note replaced by a square coin in 1995. As of 2003 a new print was started of the then already existing banknotes of 10, 25, 50, 100 and 500 florin. These new banknotes were made with new safety features to counteract counterfeiting, but retained their look.

The <strong>Australian dollar</strong> is the currency of the <strong>Commonwealth of Australia</strong>, including its external territories Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Norfolk Island, as well as the independent Pacific Island states of Kiribati, Nauru, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu. The <strong>Australian dollar </strong>was legal tender of <strong>Papua New Guinea</strong> until 1 January 1976, when the Papua New Guinean kina became the sole legal tender. Within Australia, it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ($), with A$ or AU$ sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies.<br /><br />$5 note was issued in 1967, the $50 note was issued in 1973 and the $100 was issued in 1984.The first polymer banknotes were issued in 1988 by the <strong>Reserve Bank of Australia</strong>, specifically polypropylene polymer banknotes (produced by Note Printing Australia), to commemorate the bicentenary of European settlement in Australia. All Australian notes are now made of polymer. <strong>Australia was the first country to develop and use polymer banknotes.</strong><br />A new series of banknotes has been introduced, starting with the $5 note from 1 September 2016. A new $10 banknote has been released into circulation from 20 September 2017, and a new $50 note has been released starting from 18 October 2018.The new $20 note will be released in 2019 and the new $100 note in 2020.

The <strong>Euro</strong> is the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the <strong>European Union</strong>. This group of states is known as the<strong> eurozone</strong> or <strong>euro </strong><strong>area</strong>, and counts about 340 million citizens as of 2019. <strong>The Euro is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar.</strong><br /><br /><strong>The Euro is subdivided into 100 cents</strong>. The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999. The euro's creation had been a goal of the <strong>European Union</strong> (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. The Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (though Denmark has a policy of a fixed exchange rate with the euro).<br /><br />Banknotes of the euro, the currency of the euro area and institutions, have been in circulation since the first series was issued in 2002. They are issued by the national central banks of the Eurosystem or the <strong>European Central Bank</strong>. In 1999 the euro was introduced virtually,and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. The euro rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the European Union.

The <strong>manat</strong> is the currency of <strong>Azerbaijan</strong>. <strong>It is subdivided into 100 qəpik</strong>. The <strong>Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</strong> and its successor the <strong>Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic</strong> issued their own currency between 1919 and 1923. The currency was called the <strong>manat</strong> in <strong>Azerbaijani</strong> and the <strong>ruble </strong>in <strong>Russian</strong>, with the denominations written in both languages (and sometimes also in French) on the banknotes.<br /><br />The <strong>manat </strong>replaced the first Transcaucasian ruble at par and was replaced by the second Transcaucasian ruble after Azerbaijan became part of the <strong>Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic</strong>. No subdivisions were issued, and the currency only existed as banknotes.The second manat was introduced on 15 August 1992. It had the<strong> ISO 4217 code AZM</strong> and replaced the <strong>Soviet ruble at a rate of 10 rubles to 1 </strong><strong>manat</strong>. From early 2002 to early 2005, the exchange rate was fairly stable (varying within a band of 4770–4990 manat per US dollar). Starting in the spring of 2005 there was a slight but steady increase in the value of the manat against the US dollar; the reason most likely being the increased flow of petrodollars into the country, together with the generally high price of oil on the world market. At the end of 2005, one dollar was worth 4591 manat. Banknotes below 100 manat had effectively disappeared by 2005, as had the qəpik coins.<br /><br />On 1 January 2006, a new manat (ISO 4217 code AZN, also called the "manat (national currency)") was introduced at a ratio of 1 new manat to 5,000 old manat. From 1 October 2005, prices were indicated both in new manat and in old manat to ease transition. Coins denominated in qəpik, which had not been used from 1993 onward due to inflation, were reintroduced with the re-denomination. The former manat (ISO code 4217 AZM) remained valid through 31 December 2006.

The dollar has been the currency of The <strong>Bahamas</strong> since 1966. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or alternatively B$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. <strong>It is divided into 100 cents</strong>. In 1966, the government introduced notes in denominations of ½, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 dollars. The Bahamas Monetary Authority took over the issuance of paper money in 1968, issuing the same denominations.<br /><br />The <strong>Central Bank of The Bahamas</strong> was established on 1 June 1974 and took over note issuance from that point forward. Its first issue of notes did not include the ½ and 3 dollar denominations but these were reintroduced in 1984. All banknotes other than the fifty cent note have been undergoing design changes to foil forgery in recent years, although the notes implemented more stringent security long before the US's recent redesign of their notes. All banknotes are the same physical size, like the US dollar but unlike the euro. The latest counterfeit-proof formula is the "<strong>Counterfeit Resistant Integrated Security Product</strong>", or CRISP.<br /><br />The new $10 banknote was released on August 5, 2005, while the $20 banknote was released on September 6, 2006. In October 2005, someone counterfeited one of the new CRISP $10 bills, serial number A161315. Bahamian authorities warned merchants to look for banknotes that lacked the distinctive watermark.

The <strong>dinar</strong> is the currency of <strong>Bahrain</strong>. <strong>It is divided into 1000 </strong><strong>fils</strong>. The name <strong>dinar </strong>derives from the <strong>Roman denarius</strong>. The dinar was introduced in 1965, replacing the Gulf rupee at a rate of 10 rupees = 1 dinar. The Bahraini dinar is abbreviated .د.ب (Arabic) or BD (Latin). It is usually represented with three decimal places denoting the fils.<br /><br />In October 16, 1965, the <strong>Bahrain Currency Board</strong> introduced notes in denominations of 1⁄4, 1⁄2, 1, 5 and 10 dinars; a 100-fils note was introduced on September 2, 1967. In 1973, the <strong>Bahrain Monetary Agency</strong> took over the issuance of paper money, and starting in July 1978 with a 20 dinar note, it introduced a new family of notes dated 1973 in Arabic. Denominations of 1⁄2, 1, 5 and 10 dinars were released on 16 December 1979.<br /><br />The 100-fils note of the Bahrain Currency Board was withdrawn in November 1980 and the remainder of the notes were withdrawn on 31 March 1996, remaining exchangeable until one year afterwards. On 7 September 2006, the Bahrain Monetary Agency was renamed the Central Bank of Bahrain. On 17 March 2008, the <strong>Central Bank of Bahrain</strong> introduced its first series of notes (Bahrain's 4th series) reflecting the country's heritage as well as its modern development.<br /><br />On 4 September 2016, the <strong>Central Bank of Bahrain</strong> introduced upgraded versions of the 10- and 20-dinar notes with enhanced security features (SPARK and Motion thread) and tactile lines added at center right front for the visually impaired.

The <strong>Bangladeshi taka </strong>is the currency of the <strong>People's Republic of Bangladesh</strong>. Issuance of banknotes ৳10 and larger is controlled by <strong>Bangladesh Bank</strong>, and for the ৳2 and ৳5 banknotes, which are the responsibility of the<strong> Ministry of Finance of the government of Bangladesh.</strong><br /><br />The most commonly used symbol for the taka is "৳" and "Tk", used on receipts while purchasing goods and services. <strong>৳1 is subdivided into 100 </strong><strong>poisha</strong>.Rarely used banknotes of the Bangladeshi taka are ৳1 (withdrawn as well since 1992), ৳25, ৳40 and ৳60, ৳70 and the most frequently used banknotes in circulation are ৳2, ৳5, ৳10, ৳20, ৳50, ৳100, ৳500 and ৳1000. <strong>Bangladesh Bank</strong> has withdrawn the new ৳50 note after a spelling mistake of Shilpacharya Zainul Abedin (জয়নুল আবেদীন) which was identified on the back of the note. The note had just been introduced on 7 March, so it is likely that very few made it into circulation, even though 22.5 million pieces were printed.<strong>Bangladesh</strong><strong> Bank</strong> has issued a new series of banknotes, phasing out the older designs for new, more secure ones. All banknotes other than the 1 taka feature a portrait of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on the obverse along with the watermark of the National Martyrs’ Memorial.

The <strong>dollar</strong> has been the currency of <strong>Barbados</strong> since 1935. The present dollar has the <strong>ISO 4217 code BBD</strong> and is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign "$" or, alternatively, "Bds$" to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. <strong>It is divided into 100 cents</strong>. On 22 October 2010 it was reported that the international rating agency Standard & Poor's (S&P) rated the currency of Barbados as "BBB-/A-3".<br /><br />The history of currency in the <strong>British colony of Barbados</strong> closely follows that of British Eastern Caribbean territories in general. Even though Queen Anne's proclamation of 1704 brought the gold standard to the West Indies, silver pieces of eight (Spanish dollars and later Mexican dollars) continued to form a major portion of the circulating currency right into the latter half of the nineteenth century. In 1882, the Colonial Bank introduced notes for 5 dollars. In 1920, 20 and 100 dollar notes were also issued by this bank. In 1922, Barclays Bank, having taken over the Colonial Bank, began issuing 5, 20 and 100 dollar notes. The higher denominations ceased production in 1940 but the 5 dollar continued to be issued until 1949. The Royal Bank of Canada introduced notes in 1909, in denominations of 5, 20 and 100 dollars. From 1920, these notes also bore the denomination in sterling, with 5 dollars = 1 pound 10 pence, 20 dollars = 4 pounds 3 shillings 4 pence and 100 dollars = 20 pounds 16 shillings 8 pence. Notes were issued until 1938.<br /><br />The <strong>Canadian Bank of Commerce</strong> issued notes between 1922 and 1940, also in denominations of 5, 20 and 100 dollars. Between 1938 and 1949, the government issued notes in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 20 and 100 dollars. All bore the portrait of King George VI.

The <strong>Belarusian ruble </strong>or <strong>rouble</strong> is the official currency of <strong>Belarus</strong>. <strong>The ruble is subdivided into 100 kapeks</strong>. In 1992, banknotes were introduced in denominations of 50 kapeks, 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1,000 and 5,000 rubles. These were followed by 20,000 rubles in 1994, 50,000 rubles in 1995, 100,000 rubles in 1996, 500,000 rubles in 1998 and 1,000,000 and 5,000,000 rubles in 1999. In 2000, notes were introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1,000 and 5,000 rubles. In 2001, higher denominations of 10,000, 20,000 and 50,000 rubles were introduced, followed by 100,000 rubles in 2005 and 200,000 rubles in 2012.<br /><br />There were no coins or banknotes issued in kapecks. In 2016, banknotes were introduced in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 rubles. On 4 November 2015 the <strong>National Bank of the Republic of Belarus</strong> announced that the banknotes that has been in use at that time will be replaced by the new ones due to the upcoming redenomination.The redenomination will be made in a ratio of 1:10,000 (10,000 rubles of the 2000 series = 1 ruble of the 2009 series). This currency reform also brought the introduction of coins, for the first time in The <strong>Republic of Belarus</strong>.

The <strong>Euro </strong>is the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the European Union. This group of states is known as the <strong>eurozone</strong> or <strong>euro </strong><strong>area</strong>, and counts about 340 million citizens as of 2019. <strong>The Euro is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar.</strong><br /><br /><strong>The Euro is subdivided into 100 cents</strong>. The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999. The euro's creation had been a goal of the European Union (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. The Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (though Denmark has a policy of a fixed exchange rate with the euro).<br /><br />Banknotes of the euro, the currency of the euro area and institutions, have been in circulation since the first series was issued in 2002. They are issued by the <strong>national central banks of the Eurosystem</strong> or the <strong>European Central Bank</strong>. In 1999 the euro was introduced virtually,and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. The euro rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the European Union.

The <strong>Belize dollar </strong>is the official currency in <strong>Belize </strong>(currency code BZD). It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or alternatively BZ$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. <strong>It is divided into 100 cents</strong>. The official value is pegged at 2 BZ$ = 1 US$.<br /><br />The Board of Commissioners of Currency operated from 1894 to 1976. In 1894, the government introduced notes in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 50 and 100 dollars. Production of 50 and 100 dollars ceased after 1928. 20 dollar notes were introduced in 1952. British Honduras was officially renamed Belize in 1973, and the following year a new family of notes was introduced with the new country name.<br /><br />On November 1, 1976, the <strong>Monetary Authority of Belize</strong> was established, and took over note issuance. The first and only notes issued under its name were dated 1ST JUNE 1980, and included a 100-dollar note for the first time. The <strong>Central Bank of Belize</strong> was established on January 1, 1982 by the <strong>Central Bank of Belize</strong> Act No. 15 (Chapter 262 of the Laws of Belize Revised Edition 2000).

The <strong>West African</strong> <strong>CFA franc</strong> is the currency of eight independent states in <strong>West Africa</strong>: <strong>Benin</strong>, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. These eight countries had a combined population of 105.7 million people in 2014, and a combined GDP of US$78.4 billion (as of 2012).<br /><br />The<strong> Central African CFA franc</strong> is of equal value to the West African CFA franc, and is in circulation in several central African states. They are both the CFA franc. When the CFA franc was introduced, notes issued by the Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique Occidentale in denominations of 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 1000 francs were in circulation.<br /><br />500-franc notes were added in 1946, followed by those of 5,000 francs in 1948. In 1955, the Institut d'Emission de l'A.O.F. et du Togo took over the production of paper money, issuing notes for 50, 100, 500 and 1000 francs.

The <strong>Bermudian dollar</strong> is the official currency of the <strong>British Overseas Territory of Bermuda</strong>.<strong> It is subdivided into 100 cents</strong>. The Bermudian dollar is not normally traded outside Bermuda, and is pegged to the United States dollar at a one-to-one ratio. Both currencies circulate in Bermuda on an equal basis.In the 20th century, its pound notes were issued in all denominations (and the only coins used were UK ones).<br /><br />In 1970, the government introduced dollar notes in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 dollars. From 1974, the Bermuda Monetary Authority took over paper money production, introducing 100-dollar notes in 1982 and 2 dollars in 1988, when the 1 dollar was replaced by a coin. 1970 dollar notes are all printed with Bermuda Government across the top. Later notes substitute Bermuda Monetary Authority.<br /><br />All of the "legacy" banknotes were withdrawn from circulation on 1 January 2014, but still able to be exchanged for new banknotes for 10 years. Including the original 1970 series, all horizontal-style banknotes will be phased out in favour of the vertical, 2009 series.

The <strong>ngultrum</strong> is the currency of the <strong>Kingdom of Bhutan</strong>. <strong>It is subdivided into 100 </strong><strong>chhertum</strong> , spelled as chetrums on coins until 1979). <strong>The Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan</strong> is the minting authority of the Ngultrum banknotes and coins. The Ngultrum is currently pegged to the Indian rupee at parity.<br /><br />The Ministry of Finance issued the first banknotes in 1974 denominated Nu.1, Nu.5, Nu,10 and Nu.100. This followed by the establishment of the Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan as the <strong>central bank of Bhutan</strong> in 1982, which took over the authority to issue banknotes in 1983, replacing the authority of the Ministry of Finance.<br /><br />On June 2, 1974, Nu.1, Nu.5 and Nu.10 notes were introduced by the Royal Government of Bhutan, followed by Nu.2, Nu.20, Nu.50, and Nu.100 in 1978. On August 4, 1982, the Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan Act was enacted, although the RMA didn't began actual operations until November 1, 1983, and did not issue its own family of notes until 1986. In 2006, the Monetary Authority introduced its latest series of notes, with denominations of Nu.1, Nu.5, Nu.10, Nu.20, Nu.50, Nu.100, Nu.500, and Nu.1000. These notes use a hybrid substrate.

The <strong>boliviano</strong> is the currency of <strong>Bolivia</strong>. <strong>It is divided into 100 cents or centavos in Spanish</strong>. Boliviano was also the name of the currency of Bolivia between 1864 and 1963. The first boliviano was introduced in 1864. It was equivalent to eight soles or half a scudo in the former currency. Initially, it was subdivided into 100 centécimos but this was altered to centavos in 1870.<br /><br />The name <strong>bolivar </strong>was used for an amount of ten bolivianos.In 1987, peso boliviano banknotes were overprinted with denominations in centavos and bolivianos to produce provisional issues of 1, 5, 10 and 50 centavos, and 1, 5 and 10 bolivianos. Regular issues followed the same year in denominations of 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 bolivianos. The 2 boliviano note was replaced by a coin in 1991, with the same happening to the 5 boliviano in 2001, although the <strong>Bolivian central bank </strong>still lists the 5 boliviano note as "in circulation" -The 10 Bolivianos bill has in the obverse to the painter Cecilio Guzman and reverse an image of city of Cochabamba.<br /><br />In 2018, the Banco Central de Bolivia unveiled a new family of banknotes, and will be issued by order of denomination. The notes are the first to bear the formal name of Bolivia "Estado Plurinacional de Boliva" (Plurinational State of Bolivia), to reflect the multiculturalism of the country and all of its citizens.

The <strong>Bosnia and Herzegovina</strong> convertible mark is the currency of <strong>Bosnia and Herzegovina</strong>. <strong>It is divided into 100 </strong><strong>pfenigs</strong><strong> or fenings </strong>and locally abbreviated KM. The convertible mark was established by the 1995 Dayton Agreement. It replaced the Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar, Croatian kuna and Republika Srpska dinar as the single currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1998. Mark refers to the German mark, the currency to which it was pegged at par.<br /><br />In 1998, notes were introduced in denominations of 50 fenings/pfenigs, 1 mark, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 marks. 200-mark notes were added in 2002, whilst the 50-fening/pfenig, 1- and 5-mark notes were later withdrawn from circulation. All current notes are valid throughout the country. The banknotes are issued by the <strong>Central Bank of Bosnia Herzegovina</strong>, with distinct designs for the entities of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska,1 except for the largest denomination – 200-mark note. On the notes of the Republika Srpska, inscriptions are printed in Cyrillic, then Latin script, and vice versa. Banknotes, with the exception of the 200-mark note, are printed by the French company Oberthur.

The <strong>pula</strong> is the currency of <strong>Botswana</strong>. It has the <strong>ISO 4217</strong> code <strong>BWP</strong> and is <strong>subdivided into 100 thebe</strong>. Pula literally means "rain" in Setswana, because rain is very scarce in Botswana — home to much of the Kalahari Desert — and therefore valuable and a blessing. The word also serves as the national motto of the country. A sub-unit of the currency is known as <strong>thebe</strong>, or "<strong>shield</strong>", and represents defence. The names were picked with the help of the public.<br /><br />On August 23, 1976,the <strong>Bank of Botswana </strong>introduced notes in denominations of 1, 2, 5, and 10 pula; a 20-pula note followed on February 16, 1978. The 1 and 2 pula notes were replaced by coins in 1991 and 1994, whilst the first 50 and 100 pula notes were introduced on May 29, 1990 and August 23, 1993, respectively. The 5 pula note was replaced by a coin in 2000. The original 1, 2 and 5 pula banknotes were demonetized on 1 July 2011.

The <strong>Brazilian real</strong> is the official currency of <strong>Brazil</strong>. <strong>It is subdivided into 100 centavos</strong>. The<strong> Central Bank of Brazil</strong> is the central bank and the issuing authority. The dollar-like sign in the currency's symbol,and in all the other past Brazilian currencies, is officially written with two vertical strokes rather than one.However, Unicode considers the difference to be only a matter of font design, and does not have a separate code for the two-stroked version.<br /><br />As of April 2016, the real is the nineteenth most traded currency in the world by value. In 1994, banknotes were introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 reais. These were followed by 2 reais in 2000 and 20 reais in 2001. On 31 December 2005, BCB discontinued the production of the 1 real banknote. On 3 February 2010, the Central Bank of Brazil announced a new series of the real banknotes which would begin to be released in April 2010.<br /><br />The new design added security enhancements in an attempt to reduce counterfeiting. The notes have different sizes according to their values to help vision-impaired people. The changes were made reflecting the growth of the Brazilian economy and the need for a stronger and safer currency. The new banknotes began to enter circulation in December 2010, coexisting with the older ones. In April 2000, in commemoration of the 500th anniversary of the Portuguese arrival on Brazilian shores, the Brazilian Central Bank released a polymer 10 real banknote that circulates along with the other banknotes above. The Brazilian Mint printed 250 million of these notes, which at the time accounted for about half of the 10 real banknotes in circulation.

The <strong>Brunei dollar,</strong>has been the currency of the <strong>Sultanate of Brunei</strong> since 1967. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or alternatively B$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is divided into 100 <strong>sen (Malay) or cents (English)</strong>. The Brunei dollar is issued by the Autoriti Monetari Brunei Darussalam (<strong>Monetary Authority of Brunei Darussalam</strong>). The name is the same in Malaysian ringgit, but the <strong>MYR </strong>has its own name.<br /><br />Under a Currency Interchangeability Agreement in 1967, the Brunei dollar is interchangeable with the Singapore dollar at par. As such, the Brunei dollar is accepted in Singapore as "customary tender"; likewise, the Singapore dollar is accepted for payments in Brunei. On 12 June 1967, the government (Kerajaan Brunei) introduced notes in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 dollars. Notes for 500 and 1000 dollars followed in 1979. In 1989, the title on the paper money was changed to Negara Brunei Darussalam, the official name of the country, and the Malay term for “State of Brunei, Abode of Peace.” 10,000 dollar notes were introduced the same year.<br /><br />All notes bear the denomination in Malay (in both Rumi and Jawi) and in English. The English denomination appeared on the obverse below the denomination in Malay on the earlier series, but now appears on the reverse together with the Jawi. Five series of notes have been issued. The colours of $1, $5, and $10 notes have been the same for all the series of banknotes.

The <strong>lev</strong> is the currency of <strong>Bulgaria</strong>. <strong>It is divided in 100 stotinki</strong>. In archaic Bulgarian the word "lev" meant "lion", a word which in the modern language became lăv (IPA: /lɤf/) (in Bulgarian: лъв). Stotinka comes from the word "sto" (сто) - a hundred.<br /><br />In 1885, the <strong>Bulgarian National Bank</strong> introduced notes for 20 and 50 gold leva, followed in 1887 by 100 gold leva and, in 1890, by 5 and 10 gold leva notes. In 1899, 5, 10 and 50 silver leva notes were issued, followed by 100 and 500 silver leva in 1906 and 1907, respectively. 500 gold leva notes were also introduced in 1907.<br /><br />In 1999, banknotes were introduced in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 leva. 100 leva notes were added in 2003.<br />The 1 lev note has been nearly completely replaced in everyday use by the 1 lev coin. The 2 leva note was replaced in everyday use by a coin on December 7, 2015.<br />The contemporary 2 leva banknote contains Paisiy Hilendarski, his monastery, the Coat of Arms of the Second Bulgarian Empire, images and seals of some kings, a double-headed eagle;<br />the 5 leva banknote contains the painter Ivan Milev Lalev, a man with a crown of thorns, a face with shield(or a pregnant women with a belly) touching it, and the sideview of a creature with а sickle and hood resembling the death;<br />on the 10 leva banknote Petar Beron is visible with a whale, a rhino, a telescope, a globe of Earth and Saturn;<br />a 20 leva banknote contains Stefan Stambolov, the 1878 seal of Veliko Tarnovo, three arrows hitting heels of lions, the parliament building hit by an arrow, a lion hit by an arrow in the back behind an eagle, a flywheel with six arrows;<br />on the 50 leva Pencho Slaveykov and the ghost of his lover are shown, a phaeton, the building of the theater in Sofia and a bird;<br />on the 100 leva banknote Aleko Konstantinov is shown with his work "Bay Ganyo untold tales of a contemporary Bulgarian" hit by a spear in the chest through his pocket watch.

The <strong>West African CFA franc</strong> is the currency of eight independent states in West Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. These eight countries had a combined population of 105.7 million people in 2014, and a combined GDP of US$78.4 billion (as of 2012).<br /><br />The <strong>Central African CFA franc </strong>is of equal value to the West African CFA franc, and is in circulation in several central African states. They are both the CFA franc. When the CFA franc was introduced, notes issued by the Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique Occidentale in denominations of 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 1000 francs were in circulation. 500-franc notes were added in 1946, followed by those of 5,000 francs in 1948. In 1955, the Institut d'Emission de l'A.O.F. et du Togo took over the production of paper money, issuing notes for 50, 100, 500 and 1000 francs.

The <strong>franc</strong> is the currency of <strong>Burundi</strong>. <strong>It is nominally subdivided into 100 centimes</strong>, although coins have never been issued in centimes since Burundi began issuing its own currency. Only during the period when Burundi used the Belgian Congo franc were centime coins issued. From February 1964 until 31 December 1965, notes of the Banque d’Emission du Rwanda et du Burundi (Issuing Bank of Rwanda and Burundi), in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1,000 francs, were overprinted with a diagonal hollow "BURUNDI" for use in the country. These were followed in 1964 and 1965 by regular issues in the same denominations by the Banque du Royaume du Burundi (<strong>Bank of the Kingdom of Burundi</strong>).<br /><br />In 1966, notes for 20 francs and above were overprinted by the <strong>Bank of the Republic of Burundi,</strong> replacing the word "Kingdom" with "Republic". Regular issues of this bank began in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1,000 and 5,000 francs. 10 francs were replaced by coins in 1968. 2,000 franc notes were introduced in 2001, followed by 10,000 francs in 2004. Photographer Kelly Fajack's image of school kids in Burundi was used on the back of the Burundian 10,000 franc note.<br /><br />In 2015 Burundi launched a new series of banknotes. The 10, 20, and 50 franc banknotes have lost their legal tender status and the 100 franc banknote has been replaced by a coin during the launch of the new series.

The <strong>riel</strong> is the currency of <strong>Cambodia</strong>. There have been two distinct riel, the first issued between 1953 and May 1975. Between 1975 and 1980, the country had no monetary system. A second currency, also named "riel", has been issued since March 20, 1980.Popular belief suggests that the name of the currency comes from the Mekong river fish, the riel ("small fish" in Khmer). It is more likely that the name derives from the high silver content Mexican real used by Malay, Indian and Chinese merchants in mid-19th-century Cambodia.<br /><br />In rural areas the riel is used for virtually all purchases, large and small. However, the United States dollar is also used, particularly in urban Cambodia and tourist areas. In Battambang and other areas near the Thai border, like Pailin, the Thai baht is also accepted.<br /><br />Dollarization started in the 1980s and continued to the early 90s when the United Nations contributed humanitarian aid, refugees began sending remittances home, and inflation as high as 177% per year eroded confidence in the riel. From 1991-1993, the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia stationed 22,000 personnel throughout Cambodia, whose spending represented a large part of the Cambodian economy.

The <strong>Central African CFA franc</strong> is the currency of six independent states in Central Africa: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. It is issued by the BEAC ( <strong>Bank of the Central African States</strong> ), located in Yaoundé, Cameroon, for the members of the CEMAC ( <strong>Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa</strong>).<br /><br /><strong>The franc is nominally subdivided into 100 centimes</strong> but no centime denominations have been issued. In several west African states, the West African CFA franc, which is of equal value to the Central African CFA franc, is in circulation. When the CFA franc was introduced, notes issued by the Caisse Centrale de la France d'Outre-Mer ("Central Cashier of Overseas France") in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 100 and 1000 francs were in circulation. In 1947, a new series of notes was introduced for use in French Equatorial Africa, although the notes did not bear the name of the colonies.<br /><br />Notes were issued in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 1000 francs, followed by those of 500 francs in 1949, and 5000 francs in 1952. In 1957, the Institut d'Emission de l'Afrique Equatoriale Française et du Cameroun took over paper money production, issuing all of the earlier denominations except for the 5000-franc bill. In 1961, the Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique Equatoriale et du Cameroun took over banknote production, with notes below 100 francs ceasing to be issued.<br /><br />The name of the bank changed to Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique Equatoriale in 1963. 10,000-franc notes were introduced in 1968, whilst the 100-franc notes were replaced by coins in 1971. In 1975, the bank name changed again to the Banque des États de l'Afrique Centrale and the individual states began issuing notes in their own names, in denominations of 500, 1000, 5000 and 10,000 francs. This practice ended in 1993. Since then, the banknotes have been issued with only a letter prominently displayed to distinguish between the issues of the different states. 2000 franc notes were introduced in 1993.

The <strong>Canadian dollar</strong> is the currency of <strong>Canada</strong>. It is abbreviated with the dollar sign <strong>$</strong>, or sometimes <strong>Can$</strong> or<strong> C$</strong> to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. <strong>It is divided into 100</strong> <strong>cents</strong>. Owing to the image of a loon on the one-dollar coin, the currency is sometimes referred to as the loonie by foreign exchange traders and analysts,as it is by Canadians in general, or huard in French. The first paper money issued in Canada denominated in dollars were British Army bills, issued between 1813 and 1815. Canadian dollar banknotes were later issued by the chartered banks starting in the 1830s, by several pre-Confederation colonial governments (most notably the Province of Canada in 1866), and after confederation, by the Dominion of Canada starting in 1870.<br /><br />Some municipalities also issued notes, most notably depression scrip during the 1930s. On July 3, 1934, with only 10 chartered banks still issuing notes, the <strong>Bank of Canada</strong> was founded. It took over the federal issuance of notes from the Dominion of Canada. It began issuing notes in denominations of $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $25, $50, $100, $500 and $1000. In 1944, the chartered banks were prohibited from issuing their own currency, with the Royal Bank of Canada and the Bank of Montreal among the last to issue notes.<br /><br />All banknotes are currently printed by the Ottawa-based Canadian Bank Note Company under contract to the Bank of Canada. Previously, a second company, BA International (founded 1866 as British American Bank Note Company), shared printing duties. In 2011, BA International announced it would shutter its banknote printing business and cease printing banknotes at the end of 2012.

The <strong>escudo</strong> is the currency of the <strong>Republic of Cape Verde</strong>. Amounts are generally written by using the cifrão as the decimal separator, such as 20Cifrão symbol.svg00 for 20 escudos, or 1.000Cifrão symbol.svg00 for 1000. In 1914, the Banco Nacional Ultramarino introduced notes in denominations of 4, 5, 10, 20 and 50 centavos. In 1921, notes for 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 escudos were issued. The next series of notes, introduced in 1945, omitted all denominations below 5 escudos (which had been replaced by coins) and included 500 escudo notes. 10 escudo notes were replaced by coins in 1953, with the 5 escudo note also withdrawn.<br /><br />After independence on 5 July 1975, notes were issued for 100, 500,and 1000 escudos on 1 July 1977.The next series of notes was introduced in 1989 and consisted of 100, 200,500,1000 and 2500 escudos. The third series was introduced in 1992 in denominations of 200, 500,1000, with the addition in 1999 of 2000 and 5000 escudo notes. In 2005, the 200 escudo note was redesigned, followed by the 500 and 1000 in 2007. On 22 December 2014, the Banco de Cabo Verde introduced a new series of banknotes that honor Cape Verdean figures in the fields of literature, music, and politics. It consists of denominations of 200, 1,000 and 2,000 escudos, with the former now printed on polymer.

The <strong>Cayman Islands Dollar</strong> is the currency of the <strong>Cayman Islands</strong>. It is abbreviated with the dollar <strong>sign $,</strong> or alternatively <strong>CI$</strong> to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. <strong>It is subdivided into 100 cents</strong>. It is the 9th-highest-valued currency unit in the world, as of 5 November 2018.<br /><br />The Cayman Islands dollar was introduced in 1972 ( 10 years after separation from Colony of Jamaica ), replacing the Jamaican dollar at par. Jamaican currency and Cayman Islands dollars both remained legal tender until 1 August 1972, when Jamaican currency ceased to be legal tender. The Cayman Islands dollar has been pegged to the United States dollar at 1 Cayman Islands dollar = 1.2 U.S. dollars since 1 April 1974, when the Currency Law of 1974 was enacted. In 1983, the 1974 law was repealed and replaced by the Currency Law Revised, which itself was replaced in 1997 by section 22 of the Monetary Authority Law. Under section 22 of the 2013 revision of the Monetary Authority Law, the value of the Cayman dollar in United States Dollars is determined by the Governor.<br /><br />On 1 May 1972, the Cayman Islands Currency Board introduced notes in denominations of 1, 5, 10 and 25 dollars. 40 dollar notes were introduced in 1981 but were taken out of circulation a few years later, followed by 100 dollars in 1982 and 50 dollars in 1987. On 1 January 1997, the <strong>Cayman Islands Monetary Authority</strong> (CIMA) took over issuance of paper money, issuing notes for 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 dollars. The current series of notes was issued on 4 April 2011.

The <strong>Central African CFA franc</strong> is the currency of six independent states in <strong>Central Africa</strong>: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. It is issued by the BEAC ( <strong>Bank of the Central African States</strong> ), located in Yaoundé, Cameroon, for the members of the CEMAC ( <strong>Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa</strong>). The franc is nominally subdivided into <strong>100 centimes</strong> but no centime denominations have been issued. In several west African states, the West African CFA franc, which is of equal value to the Central African CFA franc, is in circulation. When the CFA franc was introduced, notes issued by the Caisse Centrale de la France d'Outre-Mer ("Central Cashier of Overseas France") in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 100 and 1000 francs were in circulation.<br /><br />In 1947, a new series of notes was introduced for use in French Equatorial Africa, although the notes did not bear the name of the colonies. Notes were issued in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 1000 francs, followed by those of 500 francs in 1949, and 5000 francs in 1952. In 1957, the Institut d'Emission de l'Afrique Equatoriale Française et du Cameroun took over paper money production, issuing all of the earlier denominations except for the 5000-franc bill. In 1961, the Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique Equatoriale et du Cameroun took over banknote production, with notes below 100 francs ceasing to be issued.<br /><br />The name of the bank changed to Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique Equatoriale in 1963. 10,000-franc notes were introduced in 1968, whilst the 100-franc notes were replaced by coins in 1971. In 1975, the bank name changed again to the Banque des États de l'Afrique Centrale and the individual states began issuing notes in their own names, in denominations of 500, 1000, 5000 and 10,000 francs. This practice ended in 1993. Since then, the banknotes have been issued with only a letter prominently displayed to distinguish between the issues of the different states. 2000 franc notes were introduced in 1993.

The <strong>peso</strong> is the currency of <strong>Chile</strong>. The current peso has circulated since 1975, with a previous version circulating between 1817 and 1960. Its symbol is defined as a letter <strong>S</strong> with either one or two vertical bars superimposed prefixing the amount, $ or ; the single-bar symbol, available in most modern text systems, is almost always used. Both of these symbols are used by many currencies, most notably the United States dollar, and may be ambiguous without clarification, such as CLP$ or US$.<br /><br />The <strong>ISO 4217 </strong>code for the present peso is <strong>CLP</strong>. <strong>It is officially subdivided into 100 centavos</strong>, although there are no current centavo-denominated coins. The exchange rate was around CLP$600 to 1 United States dollar at the end of 2014 and as of 1 April 2018. The design and production of the whole new family of banknotes was assigned to the Australian company Note Printing Australia Ltd for the 1,000-, 2,000- and 5,000-peso notes. and the Swedish company Crane AB for the 10,000- and 20,000-peso notes.

The <strong>renminbi</strong> is the official currency of the <strong>People's Republic of China</strong>. The <strong>yuan</strong> (Chinese: 元; pinyin: yuán) is the basic unit of the <strong>renminbi</strong>, but is also used to refer to the Chinese currency generally, especially in international contexts where "<strong>Chinese yuan</strong>" is widely used to refer to the renminbi. The distinction between the terms renminbi and yuan is similar to that between sterling and pound, which respectively refer to the British currency and its primary unit. One yuan is subdivided into <strong>10 jiao</strong> (Chinese: 角; pinyin: jiǎo), and a jiaoin turn is subdivided into 10 fen (Chinese: 分; pinyin: fēn).<br /><br />The renminbi is issued by the People's Bank of China, the monetary authority of China. As of 2018, there have been five series of renminbi banknotes issued by the People's Republic of China. The first series of renminbi banknotes was issued on 1 December 1948, by the newly founded People's Bank of China. It introduced notes in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 1000 yuan. The second series of renminbi banknotes was introduced on 1 March 1955 (but dated 1953). The third series of renminbi banknotes was introduced on 15 April 1962, though many denominations were dated 1960. New dates would be issued as stocks of older dates were gradually depleted. The fourth series of renminbi banknotes was introduced between 1987 and 1997, although the banknotes were dated 1980, 1990, or 1996. The fifth series of renminbi banknotes and coins was progressively introduced from 1999.<br /><br />This series also bears the years 2005 (all except ¥1) and 2015 (¥100 only). As of 2016, it includes banknotes for ¥1, ¥5, ¥10, ¥20, ¥50 and ¥100. Significantly, the fifth series uses the portrait of Mao Zedong on all banknotes, in place of the various leaders and workers which had been featured previously. During this series new security features were added, the ¥2 denomination was discontinued, and the color pattern for each note was changed.

The <strong>peso</strong> is the currency of <strong>Colombia</strong>. Its <strong>ISO 4217 </strong>code is <strong>COP</strong>. The official peso symbol is <strong>$,</strong> with <strong>COL$</strong> also being used to distinguish it from other peso-denominated currencies. In 2016, the <strong>Banco de la Republica</strong> issued a new family of notes in denominations of 2,000, 5,000, 10,000, 20,000, 50,000 and 100,000 pesos, with the latter being the newest and higher denomination. The new family of banknotes gives continuity of biodiversity present in the family of coins that began circulating in 2012, while highlighting a group of cultural elements and landscapes of Colombia's geography which have become symbols of its wealth, variety and creativity. Additionally, the notes pay tribute to major characters of the country's culture, science and politics, and reinforces recognition of women's role in Colombian society.<br /><br />The new 100,000 pesos banknote was introduced on 31 March 2016, followed by the 20,000 pesos note on 30 June 2016, the 50,000 pesos note on 19 August 2016, the 5,000 pesos note on 9 November 2016, and the 2,000 pesos note on 29 November 2016.The 10,000 pesos note was issued on 7 December 2016, completing the family of notes. A new legal mandate was presented to the Colombian Congress to remove three zeros from both banknotes and coins. The denominations on the notes introduced in 2016 contain the word "Mil" (thousand); by removing the word from the master plates, the redenominated notes would be ready for production.

The <strong>franc</strong> is the official currency of <strong>Comoros</strong>. <strong>It is nominally subdivided into 100 centimes</strong>, although no centime denominations have ever been issued. The first Comorian paper money was issued in 1920. It consisted of an emergency issue of Madagascar postage stamps fixed to card to allow them to circulate as money. Denominations of 50 centimes and 1 franc were issued. The overstamped notes circulated until 1976, when 500, 1000 and 5000 francs were introduced by the Institut d'Émission des Comores, the 50 and 100 franc notes being replaced by coins.<br /><br />The central Bank took over production of paper money in 1984. 2500 and 10,000 franc notes were introduced in 1997, followed by 2000 francs in 2005. The 2,500-franc note was demonetized on 31 January 2007. Comorian banknotes are printed by the Banque de France at their paper mill in Vic-le-Comte and their printing works in Chamalières, both in Puy-de-Dôme, Auvergne. The 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, and 10,000 franc notes dated 2005 and 2006 contain the EURion constellation, along with other improved security features to make them more difficult to counterfeit.

The <strong>franc</strong> is the currency of the <strong>Democratic Republic of the Congo</strong>. <strong>It is subdivided into 100 centimes</strong>. In July 1998, banknotes were introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 centimes, 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 francs, though all are dated 01.11.1997. 200-franc notes were introduced in 2000, followed by 500-franc notes in 2002.<br /><br />As of July 2018, the only negotiable instrument in circulation in the Democratic Republic of Congo are banknotes of 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 5000, 10000 and 20000 francs. Meanwhile merchants in Kinshasa remain skeptical about the 5000 franc note due to what has been described as a spate of counterfeiting of this denomination, but which is also suspected to be an irregular or unauthorised issue of the genuine note, bearing the serial number suffix C. In 2010, Banque Centrale du Congo issued 20 million 500 franc banknotes to commemorate the country's 50th anniversary of independence from Belgium. On July 2, 2012, the Banque Centrale du Congo issued new banknotes in denominations of 1000, 5000, 10,000 and 20,000 francs.

The <strong>Central African CFA franc</strong> is the currency of six independent states in <strong>Central Africa</strong>: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. It is issued by the BEAC ( <strong>Bank of the Central African States</strong> ), located in Yaoundé, Cameroon, for the members of the CEMAC ( <strong>Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa</strong>).<br /><br />The <strong>franc </strong>is nominally subdivided into <strong>100 centimes</strong> but no centime denominations have been issued. In several west African states, the West African CFA franc, which is of equal value to the Central African CFA franc, is in circulation. When the CFA franc was introduced, notes issued by the Caisse Centrale de la France d'Outre-Mer ("Central Cashier of Overseas France") in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 100 and 1000 francs were in circulation. In 1947, a new series of notes was introduced for use in French Equatorial Africa, although the notes did not bear the name of the colonies. Notes were issued in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 1000 francs, followed by those of 500 francs in 1949, and 5000 francs in 1952. In 1957, the Institut d'Emission de l'Afrique Equatoriale Française et du Cameroun took over paper money production, issuing all of the earlier denominations except for the 5000-franc bill. In 1961, the Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique Equatoriale et du Cameroun took over banknote production, with notes below 100 francs ceasing to be issued.<br /><br />The name of the bank changed to Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique Equatoriale in 1963. 10,000-franc notes were introduced in 1968, whilst the 100-franc notes were replaced by coins in 1971. In 1975, the bank name changed again to the Banque des États de l'Afrique Centrale and the individual states began issuing notes in their own names, in denominations of 500, 1000, 5000 and 10,000 francs. This practice ended in 1993. Since then, the banknotes have been issued with only a letter prominently displayed to distinguish between the issues of the different states. 2000 franc notes were introduced in 1993.

The <strong>dollar</strong> is the currency of the <strong>Cook Islands</strong>. The dollar is subdivided into <strong>100 cents</strong>, although some 50 cent coins carry the denomination as "50 tene". Until 1967, the New Zealand pound was used on the Cook Islands, when it was replaced by the New Zealand dollar. In 1972, coins were issued specifically for the Cook Islands, with banknotes appearing in 1987. The Cook Islands dollar is pegged at par to the New Zealand dollar.<br /><br />The currency of New Zealand and the Cook Islands circulate concurrently within the country. Coins have been struck on different occasions mainly by the Royal Australian Mint, the Franklin Mint, and the Perth Mint with the paper currency being printed by De La Rue. On 20 July 1987, 3, 10, and 20 dollar notes were introduced by the government, followed by 50 dollar notes as part of a new series of notes in 1992. The notes all bear images of items, events, and panorama relevant to native Polynesian culture. In June 1995, the government of the Cook Islands began exchanging all of the larger banknotes for New Zealand currency, but the 3-dollar note and all coins remain in use.[3] Cook Islanders are showing a preference for New Zealand's banknotes, however Cooks Islands notes can be acquired at any national bank branch upon request.

The <strong>colón </strong>(named after Christopher Columbus, known as Cristóbal Colón in Spanish) is the currency of <strong>Costa Rica</strong>. The plural is colones. The <strong>ISO 4217</strong> code is <strong>CRC</strong>. Since 2012, Costa Rican banknotes are undergoing a reform and are being replaced by a new model. Two new denominations were introduced as part of the reform; 20,000 and 50,000 colones.The old notes will all be withdrawn from circulation and be replaced by new ones.<br /><br />The new banknotes will have different colors, shapes and images from their predecessors. All the denominations have a different length so that people with visual impairments can recognize the banknotes easily. The colón has had an unusual relationship with the U.S. dollar that may best be described as a "crawling peg"; instead of being defined by a constant value to the dollar, the colón instead would grow progressively weaker at a fixed rate of about 3.294 colones per dollar per month. On October 16, 2006, however, this crawling peg was modified due to weakness in the U.S. dollar and the perception that the colón is now undervalued.<br /><br />Since October 17, 2006, the colón is no longer bound to controlled devaluations (known in Costa Rica as minidevaluaciones) by the Central Bank of Costa Rica. With the new system, sistema cambiario de bandas, the exchange rates posted by the Central Bank are a "reference" and each authorized financial institution can determine their value independently in hopes that the free market will provide a mechanism to keep them reasonable. The exchange rate is now free to float within a currency band referenced to the United States dollar. The floor of the band has been set at a fixed value, while the ceiling changes at a fixed rate. In practice the exchange rate has remained fixed at the lower value of the currency band.

The <strong>kuna</strong> is the currency of Croatia, in use since 1994 (sign: kn; code: HRK). It is subdivided into 100 lipa. The kuna is issued by the <strong>Croatian National Bank</strong> and the coins are minted by the Croatian Monetary Institute. The word "kuna" means "marten" in Croatian, referring to the historical use of marten pelts as units of value in medieval trading. The word lipa means "linden (lime) tree", a species that was traditionally planted around marketplaces in Croatia and elsewhere in the Austro-Hungarian Empire during the early modern period. The notes were designed by Miroslav Šutej and Vilko Žiljak, and all feature prominent Croatians on front and architectural motifs on back.<br /><br />The geometric figures at lower left on front (except the 5-kuna note) are intaglio printed for recognition by the sight-impaired. To the right of the coat of arms on front is a microprinted version of the Croatian national anthem, Lijepa naša domovino (Our Beautiful Homeland). The overall design is reminiscent of Deutsche Mark banknotes of the fourth series. The first series of notes was dated 31 October 1993. The 5, 10 and 20 kuna notes from this series were withdrawn on 1 April 2007, and the 50, 100 and 200 kuna notes were withdrawn on 1 January 2010, but remain exchangeable at the HNB in Zagreb. New series of notes with similar designs but improved security features were released in 2001, 2004, 2012 and 2014.

The <strong>peso</strong> (ISO 4217 code: <strong>CUP</strong>, sometimes called the "national currency" or in Spanish moneda nacional) is one of two official currencies in use in <strong>Cuba</strong>, the other being the convertible peso (<strong>ISO 4217</strong> code: <strong>CUC</strong>, often called "dollar" in the spoken language). There are currently 25 CUP per CUC. Under the Spanish Administration, the Banco Español de la Habana introduced Cuba's first issue of banknotes in 1857 in denominations of 50, 100, 300, 500 and 1,000 dollars. The 25 peso denomination was introduced in 1867, and the 5 and 10 peso denominations in 1869. During the Ten Years' War, notes were issued dated 1869 in the name of the Republic of Cuba in denominations of 50 centavos, 1, 5, 10, 50, 500 and 1000 pesos. In 1872, 5, 10, 25 and 50 centavo, and 1 and 3 peso notes were introduced by the Banco Español de la Habana. In 1891, the Treasury issued notes for 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 pesos. In 1896, the name of the bank was changed to the Banco Español de la Isla de Cuba, and it issued notes in denominations of 5 and 50 centavos[10] and 1, 5 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 pesos, followed by 10 and 20 centavos in 1897. In 1905, the National Bank of Cuba (Banco Nacional de Cuba) issued notes for 1, 2, 5 and 50 pesos. However, the 1905 banknotes were not issued (source: Pick's catalog) In 1934, the Government introduced silver certificates (certificados de plata) in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 pesos, followed by 100 pesos in 1936 and 500 and 1000 pesos in 1944.

The <strong>Netherlands Antillean guilder</strong> (Dutch: gulden) is the currency of <strong>Curaçao and Sint Maarten</strong>, which until 2010 formed the Netherlands Antilles along with Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius. <strong>It is subdivided into 100 cents</strong> (Dutch plural form: centen). The guilder was replaced by the United States dollar on 1 January 2011 on Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius.<br /><br />On Curaçao and Sint Maarten, the Netherlands Antillean guilder was proposed to be replaced by a new currency, the Caribbean guilder,but this has been stalled indefinitely by negotiations over the establishment of a separate central bank for Curaçao. In 1892, the Curaçaosche Bank introduced notes in denominations of 25 and 50 cents, 1 and 2 1⁄2 guilders. This was the only issue of the cent denominations. Notes for 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250 and 500 guilders followed in 1900. The 1 and 2 1⁄2 guilder notes were suspended after 1920 but reintroduced by the government in 1942 as muntbiljet. From 1954, the name "Nederlandse Antillen" appeared on the reverse of the notes of the Curaçaosche Bank and, from 1955, the muntbiljet ( 2 1⁄2 guilders only) was issued in the name of the Nederlandse Antillen.<br /><br />In 1962, the bank's name was changed to the Bank van de Nederlandse Antillen. Starting in 1969, notes dated 28 AUGUSTUS 1967 began to be introduced. The front of these notes all feature the Statuut monument at front left instead of the allegorical seated woman found on the preceding issues, and on the back there is a new coat of arms. In 1970, a final issue of muntbiljet was made in denominations of both 1 and 2 1⁄2 guilders. The 500 guilder note was not issued after 1962. The 5 and the 250 guilder note was not issued after 1998. The 5 guilder was replace with a coin.

The <strong>Euro </strong>is the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the <strong>European Union</strong>. This group of states is known as the <strong>eurozone </strong>or <strong>euro </strong><strong>area</strong>, and counts about 340 million citizens as of 2019. <strong>The Euro is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar.</strong> The euro is subdivided into <strong>100 cents</strong>. The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999.<br /><br />The euro's creation had been a goal of the European Union (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. The Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (though Denmark has a policy of a fixed exchange rate with the euro).<br /><br />Banknotes of the euro, the currency of the euro area and institutions, have been in circulation since the first series was issued in 2002. They are issued by the national central banks of the <strong>Eurosystem </strong>or the <strong>European Central Bank</strong>. In 1999 the euro was introduced virtually,and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. The euro rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the European Union.

The <strong>koruna</strong> is the currency of the <strong>Czech Republic</strong> since 1993, and in English it is sometimes referred to as <strong>Czech crown</strong>. The koruna is one of European Union's 11 currencies, and the Czech Republic is legally bound to adopt the euro currency in the future. The first Czech banknotes were issued on 8 February 1993 and consisted of Czechoslovak notes with adhesive stamps affixed to them. Only the 100-, 500- and 1,000-korun notes were overstamped, the lower denominations circulated unchanged during this transitional period. Each stamp bears a Roman and Arabic numeral identifying the denomination of the banknote to which it is affixed (C and 100, D and 500, M and 1,000). Subsequent issues of the 1,000-korun note replaced the adhesive stamp with a printed image of same.<br /><br />A newly designed series of banknotes in denominations 20-, 50-, 100-, 200-, 500-, 1,000 and 5,000-korun were introduced later in 1993 and are still in use at present – except for 20, 50 and the first versions of 1,000 and 5,000 korun notes, since the security features of 1,000 and 5,000 notes were upgraded in the subsequent issues (The 2,000 korun note, which was introduced in 1996, is still valid in all versions, with and without the new security features). These banknotes feature renowned Czech persons on the obverse and abstract compositions on the reverse. Modern protective elements can be found on all banknotes.

The <strong>krone</strong> is the official currency of <strong>Denmark</strong>, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands, introduced on 1 January 1875. Both the ISO code "<strong>DKK</strong>" and currency sign "<strong>kr</strong>." are in common use; the former precedes the value, the latter in some contexts follow it.<br /><br />The currency is sometimes referred to as the <strong>Danish crown</strong> in English since <strong>krone </strong>literally means <strong>crown</strong>. Historically, krone coins have been minted in Denmark since the 17th century. Most Danish banknotes (with a few exceptions) issued after 1945 are valid as payment.<br /><br />Banknotes has since 1945 been issued with the values: 5 kroner, 10 kroner, 20 kroner, 50 kroner, 100 kroner, 200 kroner, 500 kroner & 1000 kroner. The Portrait and landscape series was issued from 1952 to 1964. It was replaced in 1972. The Jens Juel series was issued from 1975 to 1980. It was replaced in 1997. Every note had a painting made by Jens Juel on the obverse side. The 1997 series was issued from 1997 to 1999. It was replaced in 2009. The process of designing the 'Bridge' banknotes was initiated in 2006 by the <strong>Danish National Bank</strong>.[16] The theme of the new banknotes is Danish bridges and the surrounding landscapes, or details from these landscapes. Danish artist Karin Birgitte Lund has chosen to interpret this theme in two ways: bridges as links between various parts of Denmark and as links between the past and the present. The present is represented by the bridges, the past by five distinctive prehistoric objects found near the bridges. Among the new security features is a window thread ("Motion") with a moving wave pattern. Another feature is a new, sophisticated hologram that reflects light in different colors. The new banknotes also have the traditional security features such as the watermark and the hidden security thread.

The <strong>Djiboutian franc</strong> is the currency of <strong>Djibouti</strong>. Its <strong>ISO 4217</strong> currency <strong>code is DJF</strong>. Historically, it was subdivided into <strong>100 centimes</strong>. Between 1910 and 1915, banknotes were introduced in denominations of 5, 20 and 100 francs. Chamber of Commerce notes were introduced in 1919 in denominations of 5, 10 and 50 centimes and 1 franc. The decline in the value of the French franc following World War I caused 500 and 1000 franc banknotes to be introduced in 1927 and 1938, respectively. 10 franc notes were introduced in 1946.<br /><br />When the Public Treasury took over the production of paper money in 1952, the 5, 10 and 20 franc notes ceased production and 5000 franc notes were introduced. In 1970, the 50 and 100 franc notes were replaced by coins. In 1977, the National Bank took over production of banknotes. The only subsequent changes have been the introduction of 10,000 franc notes in 1984 and the replacement of the 500 franc note with a coin in 1989.

The Eastern Caribbean dollar</strong> is the currency of all seven full members and one associate member of the <strong>Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States</strong> (OECS). The successor to the British West Indies dollar, it has existed since 1965, and it is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $ or, alternatively, <strong>EC$</strong> to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. <strong>The EC$ is subdivided into 100 cents.</strong> It has been pegged to the United States dollar since 7 July 1976, and the exchange rate is US$1 = EC$2.70. In 1965, the Eastern Caribbean Currency Authority issued banknotes in denominations of 1, 5, 20 and 100 dollars, all featuring Pietro Annigoni’s 1956 portrait of Queen Elizabeth II in regalia of Order of the Garter.<br /><br />The first issues in the name of the <strong>Eastern Caribbean Central Bank</strong> in 1985 were of the same denominations, with the addition of 10-dollar notes. The last 1-dollar notes were issued in 1989 and 50-dollar notes were introduced in 1993. On 1 April 2008, the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank issued a new series of banknotes which are like the preceding issues, except for omitting both the barcode and the country code letters which form part of the serial number on current notes.<br /><br />In 2012, the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank issued a series of banknotes with Braille features in an effort to provide notes which are easier for blind and visually impaired persons to use. The raised Braille characters on the upgraded notes feature a cricket theme in the form of balls and stumps. These characters have been added to the 10-, 20-, 50-, and 100-dollar notes.

The<strong> Dominican peso i</strong>s the currency of the <strong>Dominican Republic</strong> (Spanish: República Dominicana). <strong>Its symbol is "$", with "RD$" </strong>used when distinction from other pesos (or dollars) is required; its ISO 4217 code is "<strong>DOP</strong>". Each peso is divided into <strong>100 centavos ("cents"),</strong> for which the ¢ symbol is used. It is the only currency that is legal tender in the Dominican Republic for all monetary transactions, whether public or private. When the peso oro was first introduced as a local coinage in 1937, no paper money was made and US notes continued to circulate as the U.S. dollar was officially the national currency.<br /><br />Only in 1947 were the first peso oro notes issued by the <strong>Central Bank</strong> in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 500, and 1000 oros, though the latter two denominations were rarely used. These notes were printed by the American Bank Note Company, a private printing and engraving firm. Though US notes were always acceptable in exchange, they were gradually withdrawn from circulation. In 1961, low value notes were issued in denominations of 10, 25 and 50 centavos to help compensate for the value of silver in coins surpassing face value and the resulting coin shortages. Following the demise of Trujillo all banknotes afterwards dropped references to the capital city Ciudad Trujillo which had reverted to its old name, Santo Domingo.<br /><br />Banknotes currently in circulation are 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 and 2000 pesos oros. The 10 and 20 peso denomination bills have been replaced with 10 and 25 coins respectively in 2005. In 2010, a new 20 pesos oro polymer banknote was released. Limited editions of the 500 and 2000 peso oro notes were issued for the 1992 500th anniversary of the discovery of the Americas and year 2000 millennial celebrations, respectively, but as of 2005 not many of these remain in circulation. A 5000 pesos note has been considered before but not made. All current banknotes carry the phrase "Este billete tiene fuerza libertoria para el pago de todas las obligaciónes públicas o privadas". Literally translated, (Spanish: This bill has the liberatory strength to be used as payment for all public or private obligations).

The <strong>United States dollar i</strong>s the official currency of the <strong>United States</strong> and its territories per the <strong>United States Constitution </strong>since 1792. In practice, the dollar is divided into <strong>100 smaller cent (</strong>¢) units, but is occasionally divided into 1000 mills (₥) for accounting. The circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U.S. Constitution provides that Congress shall have the power to "borrow money on the credit of the United States". Congress has exercised that power by authorizing <strong>Federal Reserve Banks</strong> to issue <strong>Federal Reserve Notes</strong>.<br /><br />Those notes are "<strong>obligations of the United States</strong>" and "shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States, in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, or at any Federal Reserve bank".[54] Federal Reserve Notes are designated by law as "legal tender" for the payment of debts. Congress has also authorized the issuance of more than 10 other types of banknotes, including the United States Note and the Federal Reserve Bank Note.<br /><br />The <strong>Federal Reserve Note</strong> is the only type that remains in circulation since the 1970s. Currently printed denominations are $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100. Notes above the $100 denomination stopped being printed in 1946 and were officially withdrawn from circulation in 1969. These notes were used primarily in inter-bank transactions or by organized crime; it was the latter usage that prompted President Richard Nixon to issue an executive order in 1969 halting their use. With the advent of electronic banking, they became less necessary. Notes in denominations of $500, $1,000, $5,000, $10,000, and $100,000 were all produced at one time; see large denomination bills in U.S. currency for details. With the exception of the $100,000 bill (which was only issued as a Series 1934 Gold Certificate and was never publicly circulated; thus it is illegal to own), these notes are now collectors' items and are worth more than their face value to collectors. Though still predominantly green, post-2004 series incorporate other colors to better distinguish different denominations. As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note, except the $1 and the current version of the $100 bill. It also plans larger, higher-contrast numerals, more color differences, and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period.

The <strong>Egyptian pound </strong>is the currency of <strong>Egypt</strong>. It is divided into <strong>100 piastres or 1,000 milliemes. </strong>The Egyptian pound is frequently abbreviated as LE or L.E., which stands for livre égyptienne (<strong>French for Egyptian pound</strong>). E£ and £E are commonly used on the internet. The name Genēh [ɡeˈneː(h)] is derived from the Guinea coin, which had almost the same value of 100 piastres at the end of the 19th century. In 1899, the <strong>National Bank of Egypt </strong>introduced notes in denominations of 50 piastres, £1, £5, £10, £50 and £100 were introduced. Between 1916 and 1917, 25 piastre notes were added, together with government currency notes for 5 and 10 piastres. Issued intermittently, the 5 and 10 piastres are today produced by the Ministry of Finance.<br /><br />In 1899, the National Bank of Egypt introduced notes in denominations of 50 piastres, £1, £5, £10, £50 and £100 were introduced. Between 1916 and 1917, 25 piastre notes were added, together with government currency notes for 5 and 10 piastres. Issued intermittently, the 5 and 10 piastres are today produced by the Ministry of Finance.<br /><br />In 1961, the Central Bank of Egypt took over from the National Bank and issued notes in denominations of 25 and 50 piastres, £1, £5, £10 and £20 notes were introduced in 1976, followed by £100 in 1978, £50 in 1993 and £200 in 2007.<br /><br />All Egyptian banknotes are bilingual, with Arabic texts and Eastern Arabic numerals on the obverse, and English texts and Western Arabic numerals on the reverse. Obverse designs tend to feature an Islamic building with reverse designs featuring Ancient Egyptian motifs (buildings, statues and inscriptions). During December 2006, it was mentioned in articles in Al Ahram and Al Akhbar newspapers that there were plans to introduce £200 and £500 notes. As of 2015, there are £200 notes circulating but there are still no plans for making £500 notes.Starting from 2011 the 25, 50 piastres and £1 banknotes have been phased out and replaced by more extensive use of coins. As of June 2016 the National Bank of Egypt reintroduced the £1 banknote into circulation as well as the 25 and 50 piastres notes in response to a shortage of small change.

The United States dolla</strong>r is the official currency of the <strong>United States</strong> and its territories per the <strong>United States Constitution</strong> since 1792. In practice, the dollar is divided into <strong>100 smaller cent (¢) </strong>units, but is occasionally divided into <strong>1000 mills (₥)</strong> for accounting. <br /><br />The circulating paper money consists of <strong>Federal Reserve Notes</strong> that are denominated in United States dollars. The U.S. Constitution provides that Congress shall have the power to "borrow money on the credit of the United States". <br /><br />Congress has exercised that power by authorizing Federal Reserve Banks to issue Federal Reserve Notes. Those notes are "obligations of the United States" and "shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States, in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, or at any Federal Reserve bank".[54] Federal Reserve Notes are designated by law as "legal tender" for the payment of debts. Congress has also authorized the issuance of more than 10 other types of banknotes, including the United States Note and the Federal Reserve Bank Note.<br /><br />The Federal Reserve Note is the only type that remains in circulation since the 1970s. Currently printed denominations are $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100. Notes above the $100 denomination stopped being printed in 1946 and were officially withdrawn from circulation in 1969. These notes were used primarily in inter-bank transactions or by organized crime; it was the latter usage that prompted President Richard Nixon to issue an executive order in 1969 halting their use. With the advent of electronic banking, they became less necessary. <br /><br />Notes in denominations of $500, $1,000, $5,000, $10,000, and $100,000 were all produced at one time; see large denomination bills in U.S. currency for details. With the exception of the $100,000 bill (which was only issued as a Series 1934 Gold Certificate and was never publicly circulated; thus it is illegal to own), these notes are now collectors' items and are worth more than their face value to collectors. Though still predominantly green, post-2004 series incorporate other colors to better distinguish different denominations. <br /><br />As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note, except the $1 and the current version of the $100 bill. It also plans larger, higher-contrast numerals, more color differences, and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period.

The <strong>Central African CFA franc</strong> is the currency of six independent states in <strong>Central Africa</strong>: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. It is issued by the BEAC ( <strong>Bank of the Central African States</strong> ), located in Yaoundé, Cameroon, for the members of the CEMAC ( <strong>Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa</strong>). The franc is nominally subdivided into <strong>100 centimes</strong> but no centime denominations have been issued.<br /><br />In several west African states, the West African CFA franc, which is of equal value to the Central African CFA franc, is in circulation. When the CFA franc was introduced, notes issued by the Caisse Centrale de la France d'Outre-Mer ("Central Cashier of Overseas France") in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 100 and 1000 francs were in circulation. In 1947, a new series of notes was introduced for use in French Equatorial Africa, although the notes did not bear the name of the colonies.<br /><br />Notes were issued in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 1000 francs, followed by those of 500 francs in 1949, and 5000 francs in 1952. In 1957, the Institut d'Emission de l'Afrique Equatoriale Française et du Cameroun took over paper money production, issuing all of the earlier denominations except for the 5000-franc bill. In 1961, the Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique Equatoriale et du Cameroun took over banknote production, with notes below 100 francs ceasing to be issued. <br /><br />The name of the bank changed to Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique Equatoriale in 1963. 10,000-franc notes were introduced in 1968, whilst the 100-franc notes were replaced by coins in 1971. In 1975, the bank name changed again to the Banque des États de l'Afrique Centrale and the individual states began issuing notes in their own names, in denominations of 500, 1000, 5000 and 10,000 francs. This practice ended in 1993. <br /><br />Since then, the banknotes have been issued with only a letter prominently displayed to distinguish between the issues of the different states. 2000 franc notes were introduced in 1993.

The <strong>nakfa</strong> is the currency of <strong>Eritrea </strong>and was introduced on 8 November 1997 to replace the Ethiopian birr at par. The currency takes its name from the Eritrean town of Nakfa, site of the first major victory of the Eritrean War of Independence. The nakfa is divided into <strong>100 cents</strong>.<br /><br />The nakfa is pegged to the US dollar at a fixed rate of USD$1 = ERN15. Prior to that it was officially pegged at USD$1 = ERN13.50. The currency is not fully convertible, so black market rates available on the streets typically offered a rate of 32 nakfas per dollar.<br /><br />There have been five series of banknotes since the currency's launch. The first issue for all denominations was dated 24.5.1997; the second issue consists of only the 50- and 100-nakfa notes and is dated 24.5.2004; the third issues also consists of only the 50- and 100-nakfa notes and was dated 24.5.2011, and the fourth issues consisted of only the 10- and 20-nakfa notes and was dated 24.5.2012. The current fifth banknote series which rendered all previous currency valueless is dated 24.5.2015.

The <strong>Euro </strong>is the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the <strong>European Union</strong>. This group of states is known as the <strong>eurozone </strong>or <strong>euro </strong><strong>area</strong>, and counts about 340 million citizens as of 2019. <strong>The Euro is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar.</strong> The euro is subdivided into <strong>100 cents</strong>. The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999. <br /><br />The euro's creation had been a goal of the <strong>European Union</strong> (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. The Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (though Denmark has a policy of a fixed exchange rate with the euro). <br /><br />Banknotes of the euro, the currency of the euro area and institutions, have been in circulation since the first series was issued in 2002. They are issued by the <strong>national central banks of the Eurosystem</strong> or the <strong>European Central Bank.</strong> In 1999 the euro was introduced virtually,and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. The euro rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the European Union.

The <strong>birr </strong>is the unit of currency in <strong>Ethiopia</strong>. Before 1976, dollar was the official English translation of birr. Today, it is officially birr in English as well.<br /><br />In 1931, the Emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie I, formally requested that the international community use the name Ethiopia (as it had already been known internally for at least 1,600 years) instead of Abyssinia, and the issuing Bank of Abyssinia also became the<strong> Bank of Ethiopia</strong>. Thus, the pre-1931 currency could be considered the Abyssinian birr and the post-1931 currency the Ethiopian birr, although it was the same country and the same currency before and after.<br /><br />186 billion birr were in circulation in 2008 ($14.7 billion or €9.97 billion).<br /><br />The Bank of Abyssinia introduced banknotes for 5, 10, 100 and 500 talari in 1915. 280,000 talari worth of notes was printed. The text on the notes was in Amharic and French. A 50-talari note was added in 1929, by which time over 1.5 million talari in notes were circulating.<br /><br />The<strong> Bank of Ethiopia </strong>issued notes in 1932 in denominations of 5, 10, 50, 100 and 500 talari. A 2-talari note dated 1 June 1933 was issued in honour of the Imperial couple. By the end of 1934, some 3.3 million talari in notes were circulating.<br /><br />On 23 July 1945, notes were introduced by the State Bank of Ethiopia in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 50, 100 and 500 birr. The National Bank of Ethiopia was established by imperial proclamation 207 of 27 July 1963, and began operation on 1 January 1964. The National Bank of Ethiopia took over note production in 1966 and issued all denominations except for the 500 birr.

The <strong>Pound</strong> is the currency of the <strong>Falkland</strong> <strong>Islands</strong>, a British Overseas Territory in the South Atlantic Ocean. The symbol is the pound sign, <strong>£</strong>, or alternatively <strong>FK£</strong>, to distinguish it from other pound-denominated currencies. The <strong>ISO 4217</strong> currency code is <strong>FKP</strong>.<br /><br />The Falkland Islands pound has always been pegged to the pound sterling at par and banknotes of both currencies are used interchangeably on the islands (although only notes issued by banks in the United Kingdom are generally accepted in Britain itself).<br /><br />Between 1899 and 1901, the government introduced notes for 5 and 10 shillings, 1 and 5 pounds. The 5 shilling notes were issued until 1916. Following decimalisation in 1971, the 10-shilling note of the preceding issue became the new 50-pence note, though it retained its old design. 10 pound notes were introduced in 1975, followed by 20 pounds in 1984 and 50 pounds in 1990. <br /><br />Falkland Islands' banknotes feature the same images, differing only in their respective denominations and corresponding colours. On the front side, all notes contain a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, the Falklands' coat of arms, a small map of the islands, and images of two of the islands' main animals: penguins and sea lions. On the back, notes feature pictures of Christ Church Cathedral in Stanley and Government House, the official residence of the Governor of the Falkland Islands.<br /><br />Banknotes are printed by De la Rue plc on behalf of the Falkland Island Commissioners of Currency. In 2010 an order was placed for the printing of 200,000 £10 banknotes and for 200,000 £20 banknotes which would represent a supply of banknotes that would last for 15 to 20 years.

The <strong>króna</strong> is the currency of the <strong>Faroe Islands</strong>. It is issued by <strong>Danmarks National bank</strong> (Danish National Bank), the central bank of Denmark. It is not an independent currency but a version of the Danish krone. Consequently, it does not have an ISO 4217 currency code and instead shares that of the Danish krone, DKK. The króna is subdivided into <strong>100 </strong><strong>oyru</strong>(r).<br /><br />In 1940, Danish 5, 20, 50, 100 and 500 kroner notes were overstamped with Kun Gyldig paa Færøerne, Færø Amt, Juni 1940 (meaning “Only valid on the Faroe Islands, Faroe County, June 1940”) for issue on the Faroe Islands. Later that year, the Færø Amt issued distinct notes in denominations of 1, 5, 10 and 100 kroner. <br /><br />From 1951, notes were issued with texts in Faroese. The 1 kroner note was not continued, with 50 krónur introduced in 1967, followed by 500 and 1000 krónur in 1978, 20 krónur in 1986 and 200 krónur in 2003. Between 2001 and 2005, a new banknote series with new security features was introduced to replace older notes. Denominations are 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 krónur.<br /><br />On March 19, 2012 an updated version of the Faroese króna banknotes was released into circulation. The new notes are identical to the current issues, but the new notes now feature "Motion" windowed security threads and perfect registration devices instead of holographic patches on the fronts, and mother-of-pearl threads and fluorescent colors added on the back of the notes.

The <strong>Fijian dollar</strong> (currency sign: FJ$, $; currency code: FJD) has been the currency of <strong>Fiji </strong>since 1969 and was also the currency between 1867 and 1873. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or alternatively FJ$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is divided into <strong>100 cents</strong>.<br /><br />In 1867, the government treasury issued 1 dollar notes. These were followed by notes for $1, $5, $10, $25 and $50 issued between 1871 and 1873. Also between 1871 and 1873, King Seru Epenisa Cakobau issued notes in denominations of 12½¢, 25¢, 50¢, 100¢ and $5. Levuka (on Ovalau island) issued $1 and $5 notes during the 1870s<br /><br />On 15 January 1969, the government introduced notes in denominations of 50 cents, $1, $2, $10, and $20; the $5 note was not issued until 1970. The Central Monetary Authority took over the issuance of paper money in 1974, issuing the same denominations, although the 50c note was replaced by a coin on 3 March 1975. <br /><br />In 1986, the <strong>Reserve Bank of Fiji </strong>began issuing notes. The $1 note was replaced by a coin in 1995. The $50 note was introduced in 1996, followed by a $100 note on 10 April 2007. Denominations of banknote in circulation as of 2017 are: $5, $10, $20, $50 and $100.

The <strong>Euro </strong>is the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the <strong>European Union</strong>. This group of states is known as the <strong>eurozone </strong>or <strong>euro </strong><strong>area</strong>, and counts about 340 million citizens as of 2019. <strong>The Euro is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar.</strong> The euro is subdivided into <strong>100 cents</strong>. The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999. <br /><br />The euro's creation had been a goal of the <strong>European Union </strong>(EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. The Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (though Denmark has a policy of a fixed exchange rate with the euro). <br /><br />Banknotes of the euro, the currency of the euro area and institutions, have been in circulation since the first series was issued in 2002. They are issued by the national central banks of the <strong>Eurosystem </strong>or the <strong>European Central Bank</strong>. In 1999 the euro was introduced virtually,and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. The euro rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the European Union.

The <strong>Euro</strong> is the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the <strong>European Union</strong>. This group of states is known as the<strong> eurozone</strong> or <strong>euro </strong><strong>area</strong>, and counts about 340 million citizens as of 2019. <strong>The Euro is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar.</strong><br /><br /><strong>The Euro is subdivided into 100 cents</strong>. The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999. The euro's creation had been a goal of the <strong>European Union</strong> (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. The Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (though Denmark has a policy of a fixed exchange rate with the euro).<br /><br />Banknotes of the euro, the currency of the euro area and institutions, have been in circulation since the first series was issued in 2002. They are issued by the national central banks of the Eurosystem or the <strong>European Central Bank</strong>. In 1999 the euro was introduced virtually,and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. The euro rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the European Union.

The Central African CFA</strong> franc is the currency of six independent states in <strong>Central Africa</strong>: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. It is issued by the BEAC ( <strong>Bank of the Central African States </strong>), located in Yaoundé, Cameroon, for the members of the CEMAC ( <strong>Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa</strong>). The franc is nominally subdivided into <strong>100 centimes</strong> but no centime denominations have been issued.<br /><br />In several west African states, the West African CFA franc, which is of equal value to the Central African CFA franc, is in circulation. When the CFA franc was introduced, notes issued by the Caisse Centrale de la France d'Outre-Mer ("Central Cashier of Overseas France") in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 100 and 1000 francs were in circulation. In 1947, a new series of notes was introduced for use in French Equatorial Africa, although the notes did not bear the name of the colonies.<br /><br />Notes were issued in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 1000 francs, followed by those of 500 francs in 1949, and 5000 francs in 1952. In 1957, the Institut d'Emission de l'Afrique Equatoriale Française et du Cameroun took over paper money production, issuing all of the earlier denominations except for the 5000-franc bill. In 1961, the Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique Equatoriale et du Cameroun took over banknote production, with notes below 100 francs ceasing to be issued. <br /><br />The name of the bank changed to Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique Equatoriale in 1963. 10,000-franc notes were introduced in 1968, whilst the 100-franc notes were replaced by coins in 1971. In 1975, the bank name changed again to the Banque des États de l'Afrique Centrale and the individual states began issuing notes in their own names, in denominations of 500, 1000, 5000 and 10,000 francs. This practice ended in 1993. <br /><br />Since then, the banknotes have been issued with only a letter prominently displayed to distinguish between the issues of the different states. 2000 franc notes were introduced in 1993.

The <strong>dalasi </strong>is the currency of the <strong>Gambia </strong>that was adopted in 1971. It is subdivided into <strong>100 bututs</strong>. It replaced the Gambian pound at a rate of 1 pound = 5 dalasis, i.e. 1 dalasi = 0.2 pound = 4 shillings.<br /><br />Banknotes currently in circulation are 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 dalasis. 1 dalasi notes were issued between 1971 and 1987. Current banknotes were first issued on 27 July 1996, then reprinted in 2001. On 27 July 2006, the <strong>Central Bank of the Gambia</strong> issued a new series of notes with images similar to the preceding issues, but with improvements in the design, paper thickness, and security features. Most noticeably, the old white borders have been removed. Furthermore, the 5 and 10 Dalasis are coated with a special varnish to extend circulation life. Finally, the security features of the 100 Dalasis have been upgraded by the inclusion of a silver foil on the front of the note with the image of 100 embossed into the foil.<br /><br />On April 15, 2015, the Central Bank of the Gambia released a new family of banknotes that includes two new denominations, a 20 dalasis note to replace the 25 Dalasis note and a 200 dalasis note, twice the value of the previously highest denomination. All of the notes feature a portrait of the former President of the Gambia, Yahya Jammeh.<br /><br />In February 2018, a new series of banknotes, believed to be a reprinting of the 2006-13 issues, but with a new signature combination, will be released as an interim measure to replace notes with the portrait of former President of the Gambia Yahya Jammeh. The notes bearing his image will be removed from circulation. By the end of 2018, a whole new series, including new security features will be released.

The <strong>lari</strong> is the currency of <strong>Georgia</strong>. It is divided into <strong>100 tetri</strong>. The name lari is an old Georgian word denoting a hoard, property, while tetri is an old Georgian monetary term (meaning 'white') used in ancient Colchis from the 6th century BC. Earlier Georgian currencies include the maneti, abazi, and Georgian coupon.<br /><br />Georgia replaced the Russian ruble on 5 April 1993, with Kuponi at par. This currency consisted only of banknotes, had no subdivisions and suffered from hyperinflation. Notes were issued in denominations between 1 and 1 million Kuponi, including the somewhat unusual 3, 3000, 30,000 and 150,000 Kuponi.<br /><br />On 2 October 1995, the government of Eduard Shevardnadze replaced the provisional coupon currency with the Lari, at a rate of one million to one. It has remained fairly stable since then.

The <strong>Euro </strong>is the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the <strong>European Union</strong>. This group of states is known as the <strong>eurozone </strong>or <strong>euro </strong><strong>area</strong>, and counts about 340 million citizens as of 2019. <strong>The Euro is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar</strong>. The euro is subdivided into <strong>100 cents</strong>. The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999. <br /><br />The euro's creation had been a goal of the <strong>European Union</strong> (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. The Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (though Denmark has a policy of a fixed exchange rate with the euro). <br /><br />Banknotes of the euro, the currency of the euro area and institutions, have been in circulation since the first series was issued in 2002. They are issued by the national central banks of the Eurosystem or the <strong>European Central Bank</strong>. In 1999 the euro was introduced virtually,and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. The euro rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the European Union.

The Ghanaian cedi </strong>(currency sign: GH₵; currency code: GHS) is the unit of currency of <strong>Ghana</strong>. It is the fourth historical and only current legal tender in the <strong>Republic of Ghana</strong>. One cedi is divided into <strong>one hundred pesewas</strong> (Gp).<br /><br />The word cedi is the Akan word for cowry shell which were formerly used as currency in what is now <strong>Ghana</strong>. The Monetaria moneta or money cowry is not native to West African waters but is a common species in the Indian Ocean. The porcelain-like shells came to West Africa, beginning in the 14th century, through trade with Arab merchants. The shells became an important currency in the slave trade. The first modern coins exclusively used at the Gold Coast was produced in 1796 but cowries was used alongside coins and gold dust as currency until 1901.<br /><br />The<strong> Bank of Ghana</strong> has been issuing all Ghanaian banknotes since 1958. Most of the Ghanaian banknotes have been changed slightly from one years issue to the next years issue in the ongoing technological fight against counterfeit money. The signature of the notes does also change when a new governor takes over the management of the Bank of Ghana. Such changes are plentiful and are not covered in this list. The years of issue does not indicated that the series have been printed every year in the period but that the banknote has been issued more than once in the stated period.<br />

The Gibraltar pound</strong> (currency sign: £; banking code: GIP) is the currency of <strong>Gibraltar</strong>. It is pegged to – and exchangeable with – the British pound sterling at par value. Gibraltar pound coins are minted notes printed by the <strong>Government of Gibraltar</strong>.<br /><br />At the outbreak of World War I, Gibraltar was forced to issue banknotes to prevent paying out sterling or gold. These notes were issued under emergency wartime legislation, Ordinance 10 of 1914. At first the typeset notes were signed by hand by Treasurer Greenwood, though he later used stamps. The notes bore the embossed stamp of the Anglo-Egyptian Bank Ltd. and circulated alongside British Territory notes. The 1914 notes were issued in denominations of 2 and 10 shillings, 1, 5 and 50 pounds. The 2 shilling and 50 pound notes were not continued when a new series of notes was introduced in 1927. The 10 shilling note was replaced by the 50 pence coin during the process of decimalization. In 1975, 10 and 20 pound notes were introduced, followed by 50 pounds in 1986. The 1 pound note was discontinued in 1988.<br /><br />In 1995, a new series of notes was introduced which, for the first time, bore the words "pounds sterling" rather than just "pounds". The government of Gibraltar introduced a new series of banknotes beginning with the 10 and 50 pound sterling notes issued on July 8, 2010. On May 11, 2011, the 5, 20 and 100 pound sterling notes were issued.

The <strong>Euro </strong>is the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the <strong>European Union</strong>. This group of states is known as the <strong>eurozone </strong>or <strong>euro </strong><strong>area</strong>, and counts about 340 million citizens as of 2019. <strong>The Euro is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar.</strong> The euro is subdivided into <strong>100 cents</strong>. The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999. <br /><br />The euro's creation had been a goal of the<strong> European Union</strong> (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. The Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (though Denmark has a policy of a fixed exchange rate with the euro). <br /><br />Banknotes of the euro, the currency of the euro area and institutions, have been in circulation since the first series was issued in 2002. They are issued by the national central banks of the Eurosystem or the European Central Bank. In 1999 the euro was introduced virtually,and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. The euro rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the European Union.

The Eastern Caribbean dollar</strong> is the currency of all seven full members and one associate member of the <strong>Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States </strong>(OECS). The successor to the British West Indies dollar, it has existed since 1965, and it is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign <strong>$ </strong>or, alternatively, <strong>EC$</strong> to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. The <strong>EC$ </strong>is subdivided into <strong>100 cents</strong>. It has been pegged to the United States dollar since 7 July 1976, and the exchange rate is US$1 = EC$2.70.<br /><br />In 1965, the <strong>Eastern Caribbean Currency Authority</strong> issued banknotes in denominations of 1, 5, 20 and 100 dollars, all featuring Pietro Annigoni’s 1956 portrait of Queen Elizabeth II in regalia of Order of the Garter.The first issues in the name of the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank in 1985 were of the same denominations, with the addition of 10-dollar notes. The last 1-dollar notes were issued in 1989 and 50-dollar notes were introduced in 1993. <br /><br />On 1 April 2008, the <strong>Eastern Caribbean Central Bank</strong> issued a new series of banknotes which are like the preceding issues, except for omitting both the barcode and the country code letters which form part of the serial number on current notes.<br /><br />In 2012, the <strong>Eastern Caribbean Central Bank</strong> issued a series of banknotes with Braille features in an effort to provide notes which are easier for blind and visually impaired persons to use. The raised Braille characters on the upgraded notes feature a cricket theme in the form of balls and stumps. These characters have been added to the 10-, 20-, 50-, and 100-dollar notes.

The <strong>quetzal</strong> is the currency of <strong>Guatemala</strong>, named after the List of national birds of Guatemala, the resplendent quetzal. In ancient Mayan culture, the quetzal bird's tail feathers were used as currency. It is divided into <strong>100 </strong><strong>centavos</strong>, or <strong>lenes</strong><strong> </strong>in Guatemalan slang. The plural is <strong>quetzales</strong><strong>.</strong><br /><br />The quetzal was introduced in 1925 during the term of President José María Orellana, whose image appears on the obverse of the one-quetzal bill. It replaced the peso. Until 1987, the quetzal was pegged to and domestically equal to the United States dollar and before the pegging to the US dollar, it was pegged to the French franc as well, since the quetzal utilized the gold standard.<br /><br />The first banknotes were issued by the <strong>Central Bank of Guatemala</strong> in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 100 quetzales, with 1⁄2 quetzal notes added in 1933. In 1946, the <strong>Bank of Guatemala</strong> took over the issuance of paper money, with the first issues being overprints on notes of the Central Bank. Except for the introduction of 50 quetzal notes in 1967, the denominations of banknotes remained unchanged until 1⁄2 and 1 quetzal coins replaced notes at the end of the 1990s.<br /><br />In the top-right corner of the obverse face of each banknote, the value is displayed in Mayan numerals, representing Guatemala's cultural history.

The <strong>Pound </strong>is the currency of <strong>Guernsey</strong>. Since 1921, Guernsey has been a currency union with the United Kingdom and the Guernsey pound is not a separate currency but is a local issue of banknotes and coins denominated in pound sterling, in a similar way to the banknotes issued in Scotland, England and Northern Ireland (see Banknotes of the pound sterling). It can be exchanged at par with other sterling coinage and notes (see also sterling zone).<br /><br />In 1827, the <strong>States of Guernsey</strong> introduced one-pound notes, with the Guernsey Banking Company and the Guernsey Commercial Banking Company also issuing one-pound notes from 1861 and 1886, respectively. The commercial banks lost their right to issue notes in 1914, although the notes circulated until 1924. Also in 1914, the States introduced five- and ten-shilling notes, also denominated as 6 and 12 francs.<br /><br />In 1921, States notes were over-stamped with the word "British" to signify the island's conversion to a pound equal to sterling. From 1924, ten-shilling notes were issued without any reference to the franc. The five-shilling note was discontinued.<br /><br />A commemorative 20-pound note was issued in 2012 to commemorate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. It is similar to the regular issue, but with the QE60 letter prefix, the commemorative laurel wreath on the lower left corner of the note, and additional wording. A total of 150,000 notes were issued.

The <strong>Guinean franc </strong>is the currency of <strong>Guinea</strong>. It is subdivided into <strong>one hundred centimes,</strong> but no centime denominations were ever issued.<br /><br />The first <strong>Guinean franc</strong> was introduced in 1959 to replace the <strong>CFA franc</strong>. There were 1, 5, 10 and 25 francs coins (made of aluminium bronze) with banknotes (dated 1958) in 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000 and 10,000 francs denominations. A second series of banknotes dated 1er MARS 1960 was issued on 1 March 1963, without the 10,000 francs. This series was printed without imprint by Thomas De La Rue, and includes more colors, enhanced embossing, and improved security features. A new issue of coins in 1962 was made of cupronickel.<br /><br />In 1971, the franc was replaced by syli at a rate of 1 syli = 10 francs.<br /><br />As of 23 October 2018, 1 Euro is equal to 10,417.46 Guinean Francs, which means that the highest valued banknote, of 20,000 Francs, has a value of less than 2 Euros.

The <strong>West African CFA franc</strong> is the currency of eight independent states in <strong>West Africa</strong>: Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. These eight countries had a combined population of 105.7 million people in 2014, and a combined GDP of US$78.4 billion (as of 2012).<br /><br />The <strong>Central African CFA franc</strong> is of equal value to the <strong>West African CFA franc</strong>, and is in circulation in several central African states. They are both the CFA franc. When the CFA franc was introduced, notes issued by the <strong>Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique Occidentale</strong> in denominations of 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 1000 francs were in circulation.<br /><br />500-franc notes were added in 1946, followed by those of 5,000 francs in 1948. In 1955, the Institut d'Emission de l'A.O.F. et du Togo took over the production of paper money, issuing notes for 50, 100, 500 and 1000 francs.

The <strong>Guyanese dollar </strong>has been the unit of account in <strong>Guyana </strong>(formerly British Guiana) since 29 January 1839. Originally it was intended as a transitional unit to facilitate the changeover from the Dutch guilder system of currency to the British pound sterling system. The Spanish dollar was already prevalent throughout the West Indies in general, and from 1839, the Spanish dollar unit operated in British Guiana in conjunction with British sterling coins at a standard conversion rate of one dollar for every four shillings and twopence.<br /><br />In 1951 the British sterling coinage was replaced with a new decimal coinage which was simultaneously introduced through all the British territories in the Eastern Caribbean. When sterling began to depreciate in the early 1970s, a switch to a US dollar peg became increasingly attractive as an anti-inflationary measure and the <strong>Eastern Caribbean Currency Authority</strong> (of which Guyana was a member) made the switch in October 1975. The Guyanese dollar is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or alternatively G$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies.<br /><br />Banknotes were introduced on 15 November 1965 in denominations of 1, 5, 10, and 20 dollars. A second series issued between 1988 and 1992 consisted of 20, 100, and 500 dollar denominations. The 1996-1999 series included 20, 100, 500, and 1000 dollars. The 2000-2002 series included 500 and 1000 dollar notes. New banknotes of 100 and 1000 dollars were issued on 29 March 2006.<br /><br />The 100-dollar note is similar to the preceding issue of the same denomination, except the design has been slightly modified with larger numerals for the denomination in the upper left front corner, a different screen trap background pattern, and shortened printer imprint. Both notes now have designs that extend to the borders and watermarks that include an electrotype map of Guyana.<br /><br />The 2011 issue included 500 and 1000 dollars with brand new security features, the most notable is the holographic stripe with a colorful macaw replacing the OVD patch used on the previous issues.<br /><br />On November 15, 2013, the <strong>Bank of Guyana</strong> has unveiled the 5,000-dollar note which was issued on December 9. However, there have not been any plans for a circulating non-commemorative 10,000-dollar note for Guyana as of yet.

The gourde or goud is the currency of Haiti. Its ISO 4217 code is HTG and it is divided into 100 centimes (French) or santim (Creole).\n\nIn 1875, banknotes were issued by the \&quot;Banque Nationale d'Haïti\&quot; in denominations of 25 centimes, 1 and 5 piastres (equal to gourdes). Following this, banknotes were issued in denominations ranging from 10 centimes to 5 gourdes by the various Haitian governments until 1916, when the \&quot;Banque Nationale de la République d'Haïti\&quot; began issuing notes.\n\n In 1920, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 gourdes notes were issued, with 50 and 100 gourdes added in 1925. In the 1970s, 25, 250, and 500 gourdes notes were introduced. In 1979, the Banque de la République d'Haïti replaced the National Bank as the paper money issuing body.\n\n A 1000 gourdes note was introduced in 1999, to commemorate the 250th anniversary of the founding of Port-au-Prince. A 20 gourdes note was released into circulation in 2001, both as a commemorative (to celebrate the bicentennial of the Constitution of Toussaint L'Ouverture) and as a regular issue. In 2004, the Banque de la République d'Haïti issued a series of notes to commemorate the bicentennial of Haiti. &quot;}" data-sheets-userformat="{&quot;2&quot;:513,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0}">The <strong>gourde </strong>or <strong>goud </strong>is the currency of <strong>Haiti</strong>. Its <strong>ISO 4217 </strong>code is <strong>HTG </strong>and it is divided into <strong>100 centimes </strong>(French) or <strong>santim </strong>(Creole).<br /><br />In 1875, banknotes were issued by the "<strong>Banque Nationale d'Haïti</strong>" in denominations of 25 centimes, 1 and 5 piastres (equal to gourdes). Following this, banknotes were issued in denominations ranging from 10 centimes to 5 gourdes by the various Haitian governments until 1916, when the "<strong>Banque Nationale de la République d'Haïti</strong>" began issuing notes.<br /><br />In 1920, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 gourdes notes were issued, with 50 and 100 gourdes added in 1925. In the 1970s, 25, 250, and 500 gourdes notes were introduced. In 1979, the Banque de la République d'Haïti replaced the National Bank as the paper money issuing body.<br /><br />A 1000 gourdes note was introduced in 1999, to commemorate the 250th anniversary of the founding of Port-au-Prince. A 20 gourdes note was released into circulation in 2001, both as a commemorative (to celebrate the bicentennial of the Constitution of Toussaint L'Ouverture) and as a regular issue. In 2004, the Banque de la République d'Haïti issued a series of notes to commemorate the bicentennial of Haiti. </span>

The lempira is the currency of Honduras. It is subdivided into 100 centavos. \n\nThe lempira was introduced in 1931, replacing the peso at par. In the late 1980s, the exchange rate was two lempiras to the United States dollar (the 20-centavos coin is called a daime as it was worth the same as a U.S. dime). As of June 20, 2017, the lempira was quoted at 23.44 HNL to 1 USD.\n\nThe Bank of Honduras and the Banco Atlantida issued the first lempira banknotes in 1932. They were in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 lempiras. The Central Bank of Honduras took over production of paper money in 1950, introducing 50 and 100 lempiras notes in 1950, followed by the 500-lempiras note in 1995.\n\nIn January, 2010, a new 20-lempira note was introduced to market made by a polymer base, 60 million notes were issued.&quot;}" data-sheets-userformat="{&quot;2&quot;:513,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0}">The <strong>lempira </strong>is the currency of <strong>Honduras</strong>. It is subdivided into <strong>100 centavos.</strong><br /><br />The <strong>lempira </strong>was introduced in 1931, replacing the <strong>peso at par.</strong> In the late 1980s, the exchange rate was two lempiras to the United States dollar (the 20-centavos coin is called a daime as it was worth the same as a U.S. dime). As of June 20, 2017, the lempira was quoted at 23.44 HNL to 1 USD.<br /><br />The <strong>Bank of Honduras</strong> and the Banco Atlantida issued the first lempira banknotes in 1932. They were in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 lempiras. The <strong>Central Bank of Honduras</strong> took over production of paper money in 1950, introducing 50 and 100 lempiras notes in 1950, followed by the 500-lempiras note in 1995.<br /><br />In January, 2010, a new 20-lempira note was introduced to market made by a polymer base, 60 million notes were issued.</span>

The Hong Kong dollar is the official currency of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. It is subdivided into 100 cents. The Hong Kong Monetary Authority is the governmental currency board and also the de facto central bank for Hong Kong and the Hong Kong dollar. \n\nThe issue of Hong Kong dollar notes is governed today by the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA), the governmental currency board of Hong Kong. Under licence from the HKMA, three commercial banks issue their own banknotes for general circulation in the region. They are Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited; the Bank of China (Hong Kong) Limited; and the Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong) Limited. Notes are also issued by the HKMA itself. \n\nIn most countries of the world the issue of banknotes is handled exclusively by a single central bank or government. The arrangements in Hong Kong are unusual but not unique; a comparable system is used in the United Kingdom, where seven banks issue banknotes. \n\nAs of today, the three commercial banks, HSBC, Bank of China and Standard Chartered issue their own designs of banknotes in denominations of HK$20, HK$50, HK$100, HK$500 and HK$1000, with all designs being similar to the other in the same denomination of banknote. While only the HK$10 banknote is issued solely by Hong Kong Monetary Authority on behalf of the Government of Hong Kong, which in total makes up the banknote circulation arrangement to four different note issuers. &quot;}" data-sheets-userformat="{&quot;2&quot;:513,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0}">The <strong>Hong Kong dollar</strong> is the official currency of the <strong>Hong Kong</strong> Special Administrative Region. It is subdivided into <strong>100 cents</strong>. The <strong>Hong Kong Monetary Authority</strong> is the governmental currency board and also the de facto central bank for Hong Kong and the Hong Kong dollar.<br /><br />The issue of Hong Kong dollar notes is governed today by the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (<strong>HKMA</strong>), the governmental currency board of Hong Kong. Under licence from the HKMA, three commercial banks issue their own banknotes for general circulation in the region. They are Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited; the Bank of China (Hong Kong) Limited; and the Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong) Limited. Notes are also issued by the HKMA itself.<br /><br />In most countries of the world the issue of banknotes is handled exclusively by a single central bank or government. The arrangements in Hong Kong are unusual but not unique; a comparable system is used in the United Kingdom, where seven banks issue banknotes.<br /><br />As of today, the three commercial banks, HSBC, Bank of China and Standard Chartered issue their own designs of banknotes in denominations of HK$20, HK$50, HK$100, HK$500 and HK$1000, with all designs being similar to the other in the same denomination of banknote. While only the HK$10 banknote is issued solely by Hong Kong Monetary Authority on behalf of the Government of Hong Kong, which in total makes up the banknote circulation arrangement to four different note issuers.</span>

The forint is the currency of Hungary. It was formerly divided into 100 fillér, but fillér coins are no longer in circulation. The introduction of the forint on 1 August 1946 was a crucial step in the post-World War II stabilisation of the Hungarian economy, and the currency remained relatively stable until the 1980s. \n\nTransition to a market economy in the early 1990s adversely affected the value of the forint; inflation peaked at 35% in 1991. Since 2001, inflation is in single digits, and the forint has been declared fully convertible. As a member of the European Union, the long-term aim of the Hungarian government may be to replace the forint with the euro, but that does not appear to be likely until some time during the 2020s.\n\nIn 1946, 10 and 100 forint notes were introduced by the Magyar Nemzeti Bank (Hungarian National Bank). A new series of higher quality banknotes (in denominations of 10-, 20 and 100 forint) were introduced in 1947 and 1948. 50 forint notes were added in 1953, 500 forint notes were introduced in 1970, followed by 1000 forint in 1983, and 5000 forint in 1991. \n\nA completely redesigned new series of banknotes in denominations of 200-, 500-, 1000-, 2000-, 5000-, 10,000 and 20,000 forint was introduced gradually between 1997 and 2001. Each banknote depicts a famous Hungarian leader or politician on the obverse and a place or event related to him on the reverse. \n\nAll of the banknotes are watermarked, contain an embedded vertical security strip and are suitable for visually impaired people. The 1000 forint and higher denominations are protected by an interwoven holographic security strip. The notes share the common size of 154 × 70 mm. The banknotes are printed by the Hungarian Banknote Printing Corp. in Budapest on paper manufactured by the Diósgyőr Papermill in Miskolc.\n\nCommemorative banknotes have also been issued recently: 1000 and 2000 forint notes to commemorate the millennium (in 2000) and a 500 forint note to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the 1956 revolution (in 2006). \n\nForgery of forint banknotes is not significant. However, forged 20,000 forint notes printed on the paper of 2000 forint notes after dissolving the original ink might come up and are not easy to recognize. Another denomination preferred by counterfeiters was the 1000 forint note until improved security features were added in 2006.\n\nBanknotes that were previously in circulation are withdrawn and recycled as materials for briquettes.\n&quot;}" data-sheets-userformat="{&quot;2&quot;:513,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0}">The <strong>forint</strong> is the currency of <strong>Hungary</strong>. It was formerly divided into <strong>100 fillér</strong>, but fillér coins are no longer in circulation. The introduction of the forint on 1 August 1946 was a crucial step in the post-World War II stabilisation of the Hungarian economy, and the currency remained relatively stable until the 1980s.<br /><br />Transition to a market economy in the early 1990s adversely affected the value of the forint; inflation peaked at 35% in 1991. Since 2001, inflation is in single digits, and the forint has been declared fully convertible. As a member of the European Union, the long-term aim of the <strong>Hungarian government </strong>may be to replace the forint with the euro, but that does not appear to be likely until some time during the 2020s.<br /><br />In 1946, 10 and 100 forint notes were introduced by the <strong>Magyar Nemzeti Bank </strong>(Hungarian National Bank). A new series of higher quality banknotes (in denominations of 10-, 20 and 100 forint) were introduced in 1947 and 1948. 50 forint notes were added in 1953, 500 forint notes were introduced in 1970, followed by 1000 forint in 1983, and 5000 forint in 1991.<br /><br />A completely redesigned new series of banknotes in denominations of 200-, 500-, 1000-, 2000-, 5000-, 10,000 and 20,000 forint was introduced gradually between 1997 and 2001. Each banknote depicts a famous Hungarian leader or politician on the obverse and a place or event related to him on the reverse.<br /><br />All of the banknotes are watermarked, contain an embedded vertical security strip and are suitable for visually impaired people. The 1000 forint and higher denominations are protected by an interwoven holographic security strip. The notes share the common size of 154 × 70 mm. The banknotes are printed by the Hungarian Banknote Printing Corp. in Budapest on paper manufactured by the Diósgyőr Papermill in Miskolc.</span>

The krona is the currency of Iceland. Iceland is the smallest country to have its own currency and monetary policy.\n\nThe first notes issued in 1885 by the Landssjóður Íslands were in denominations of 5, 10 and 50 krona. In 1904, the Bank of Iceland (Íslands Banki) took over note production and introduced 100 krona notes. In 1921, the Ríkissjóður Íslands began issuing paper money, with notes for 1, 5, 10 and 50 krona.\n\nIn 1928, another bank, the Landsbanki Íslands, took over issuance of denominations of 5 krona and above, with the Ríkissjóður Íslands continuing to issue 1 krona notes until 1947. The Landsbanki Íslands introduced 500 krona notes in 1935, followed by 25- and 1000-krona notes in 1957.\n\nIn 1961, the Seðlabanki Íslands became the central bank of Iceland and started issuing paper money, in denominations of 10, 25, 100, and 500 krona. They were manufactured in England by De la Rue. \n\n&quot;}" data-sheets-userformat="{&quot;2&quot;:513,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0}">The <strong>krona </strong>is the currency of <strong>Iceland</strong>. Iceland is the smallest country to have its own currency and monetary policy.<br /><br />The first notes issued in 1885 by the Landssjóður Íslands were in denominations of 5, 10 and 50 krona. In 1904, the <strong>Bank of Iceland</strong> (Íslands Banki) took over note production and introduced 100 krona notes. In 1921, the Ríkissjóður Íslands began issuing paper money, with notes for 1, 5, 10 and 50 krona.<br /><br />In 1928, another bank, the Landsbanki Íslands, took over issuance of denominations of 5 krona and above, with the Ríkissjóður Íslands continuing to issue 1 krona notes until 1947. The Landsbanki Íslands introduced 500 krona notes in 1935, followed by 25- and 1000-krona notes in 1957.<br /><br />In 1961, the <strong>Seðlabanki Íslands</strong> became the <strong>central bank of Iceland </strong>and started issuing paper money, in denominations of 10, 25, 100, and 500 krona. They were manufactured in England by De la Rue.</span>

The Indian rupee is the official currency of India. The rupee is subdivided into 100 paise (singular paisa), though as of 2018, coins of denomination of 50 paise or half rupee is the lowest value in use. The issuance of the currency is controlled by the Reserve Bank of India. The Reserve Bank manages currency in India and derives its role in currency management on the basis of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. \n\nIn 2018,a new rupee symbol '₹', was officially adopted. It was designed by D. Udaya Kumar. It was derived from the combination of the Devanagari consonant \&quot;र\&quot; (ra) and the Latin capital letter \&quot;R\&quot; without its vertical bar (similar to the R rotunda). The parallel lines at the top (with white space between them) are said to make an allusion to the tricolour Indian flag, and also depict an equality sign that symbolises the nation's desire to reduce economic disparity. The first series of coins with the new rupee symbol started in circulation on 8 July 2011. Before this India used to use Rs for plural and Re to depict one rupee. \n\nOn 8 November 2016 the Government of India announced the demonetisation of ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes with effect from midnight of the same day, making these notes invalid. A newly redesigned series of ₹500 banknote, in addition to a new denomination of ₹2000 banknote is in circulation since 10 November 2016. ₹1000 has been suspended.\n\nOn 25 August 2017, a new denomination of ₹200 banknote was added to Indian currency to fill the gap of notes due to high demand for this note after demonetisation.\n\nIn July 2018, the Reserve Bank of India released the ₹100 banknote.\n&quot;}" data-sheets-userformat="{&quot;2&quot;:513,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0}">The <strong>Indian rupee </strong>is the official currency of <strong>India</strong>. The rupee is subdivided into <strong>100 paise</strong> (singular paisa), though as of 2018, coins of denomination of 50 paise or half rupee is the lowest value in use. The issuance of the currency is controlled by the <strong>Reserve Bank of India</strong>. The Reserve Bank manages currency in India and derives its role in currency management on the basis of the <strong>Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934</strong>.<br /><br />In 2018,a new rupee symbol '₹', was officially adopted. It was designed by D. Udaya Kumar. It was derived from the combination of the Devanagari consonant "र" (ra) and the Latin capital letter "R" without its vertical bar (similar to the R rotunda). The parallel lines at the top (with white space between them) are said to make an allusion to the tricolour Indian flag, and also depict an equality sign that symbolises the nation's desire to reduce economic disparity. The first series of coins with the new rupee symbol started in circulation on 8 July 2011. Before this India used to use Rs for plural and Re to depict one rupee.<br /><br />On 8 November 2016 the <strong>Government of India</strong> announced the demonetisation of ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes with effect from midnight of the same day, making these notes invalid. A newly redesigned series of ₹500 banknote, in addition to a new denomination of ₹2000 banknote is in circulation since 10 November 2016. ₹1000 has been suspended.<br /><br />On 25 August 2017, a new denomination of ₹200 banknote was added to Indian currency to fill the gap of notes due to high demand for this note after demonetisation.<br /><br />In July 2018, the <strong>Reserve Bank of</strong> <strong>India </strong>released the ₹100 banknote.</span>

The rupiah (Rp) is the official currency of Indonesia. Issued and controlled by the Bank of Indonesia, the ISO 4217 currency code for the Indonesian rupiah is IDR. The name \&quot;Rupiah\&quot; is derived from the Indian word rupiya (रुपीया), ultimately from Sanskrit rupyakam (रूप्यकम्; silver). Informally, Indonesians also use the word \&quot;perak\&quot; (\&quot;silver\&quot; in Indonesian) in referring to rupiah. The rupiah is subdivided into 100 sen, although inflation has rendered all coins and banknotes denominated in sen obsolete. \n\nIntroduced in 1946 by Indonesian nationalists fighting for independence, the currency replaced a version of the Netherlands Indies gulden which had been introduced during the Japanese occupation in World War II. In its early years the rupiah was used in conjunction with other currencies, including a new version of the gulden introduced by the Dutch.\n\nThe Riau islands and the Indonesian half of New Guinea (Irian Barat) had their own variants of the rupiah in the past, but these were subsumed into the national rupiah in 1964 and 1971 respectively (see Riau rupiah and West Irian rupiah). \n\n&quot;}" data-sheets-userformat="{&quot;2&quot;:513,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0}">The <strong>Rupiah </strong>(Rp) is the official currency of <strong>Indonesia</strong>. Issued and controlled by the <strong>Bank of Indonesia</strong>, the <strong>ISO 4217</strong> currency code for the Indonesian rupiah is <strong>IDR</strong>. The name "Rupiah" is derived from the Indian word rupiya (रुपीया), ultimately from Sanskrit rupyakam (रूप्यकम्; silver). Informally, Indonesians also use the word "perak" ("silver" in Indonesian) in referring to rupiah. The rupiah is subdivided into <strong>100 sen</strong>, although inflation has rendered all coins and banknotes denominated in sen obsolete.<br /><br />Introduced in 1946 by Indonesian nationalists fighting for independence, the currency replaced a version of the Netherlands Indies gulden which had been introduced during the Japanese occupation in World War II. In its early years the rupiah was used in conjunction with other currencies, including a new version of the gulden introduced by the Dutch.<br /><br />The Riau islands and the Indonesian half of New Guinea (Irian Barat) had their own variants of the rupiah in the past, but these were subsumed into the national rupiah in 1964 and 1971 respectively (see Riau rupiah and West Irian rupiah).</span>

The Iranian rial is the currency of Iran. \n\nAlthough the \&quot;toman\&quot; (تومان tumân) is no longer an official unit of Iranian currency, Iranians commonly express amounts of money and prices of goods in \&quot;tomans\&quot;. For this purpose, one \&quot;toman\&quot; equals 10 rials. Despite this usage, amounts of money and prices of goods are virtually always written in rials. For example, the sign next to a loaf of bread in a store would state the price in rials, e.g., \&quot;10,000 rials,\&quot; even though the clerk, if asked, would say that the bread costs \&quot;1000 tomans\&quot;.\n\n There is no official symbol for the currency but the Iranian standard ISIRI 820 defined a symbol for use on typewriters (mentioning that it is an invention of the standards committee itself) and the two Iranian standards ISIRI 2900 and ISIRI 3342 define a character code to be used for it. The Unicode Standard has a compatibility character defined U+FDFC ﷼ RIAL SIGN (HTML &amp;#65020;).\n\n The Iranian rial was devalued in July 2013 to half its previous value as the government reduced subsidisation of the exchange rate against the dollar. In December 2016, the Iranian government announced the country's currency would be changed from the rial to the commonly used toman. Such a move requires the approval of the Iranian Parliament.\n\nThe rial was first introduced in 1798 as a coin worth 1,250 dinars or one eighth of a toman. In 1825, the rial ceased to be issued, with the qiran subdivided into 20 shahi or 1000 dinar and was worth one tenth of a toman, being issued as part of a decimal system. The rial replaced the qiran at par in 1932, subdivided into 2 shahi or 100 dinar.\n\n&quot;}" data-sheets-userformat="{&quot;2&quot;:513,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0}">The <strong>Iranian rial</strong> is the currency of <strong>Iran</strong>.<br /><br />Although the "toman" (تومان tumân) is no longer an official unit of Iranian currency, Iranians commonly express amounts of money and prices of goods in "tomans". For this purpose, one "toman" equals 10 rials. Despite this usage, amounts of money and prices of goods are virtually always written in rials. For example, the sign next to a loaf of bread in a store would state the price in rials, e.g., "10,000 rials," even though the clerk, if asked, would say that the bread costs "1000 tomans".<br /><br />There is no official symbol for the currency but the Iranian standard ISIRI 820 defined a symbol for use on typewriters (mentioning that it is an invention of the standards committee itself) and the two Iranian standards ISIRI 2900 and ISIRI 3342 define a character code to be used for it. The Unicode Standard has a compatibility character defined U+FDFC ﷼ RIAL SIGN (HTML ﷼).<br /><br />The Iranian rial was devalued in July 2013 to half its previous value as the government reduced subsidisation of the exchange rate against the dollar. In December 2016, the<strong> Iranian government </strong>announced the country's currency would be changed from the rial to the commonly used toman. Such a move requires the approval of the <strong>Iranian Parliament.</strong><br /><br />The rial was first introduced in 1798 as a coin worth 1,250 dinars or one eighth of a toman. In 1825, the rial ceased to be issued, with the qiran subdivided into 20 shahi or 1000 dinar and was worth one tenth of a toman, being issued as part of a decimal system. <strong>The rial replaced the qiran at par in 1932</strong>, subdivided into <strong>2 shahi</strong> or <strong>100 dinar.</strong></span>

The Dinar is the currency of Iraq. It is issued by the Central Bank of Iraq and is subdivided into 1,000 fils (فلس), although inflation has rendered the fils obsolete since 1990. \n\nThe dinar was introduced into circulation in 1932, by replacing the Indian rupee, which had been the official currency since the British occupation of the country in World War I, at a rate of 1 dinar = 11 rupees. The dinar was pegged at par with the British pound until 1959 when, without changing its value, the peg was switched to the United States dollar at the rate of 1 dinar = 2.8 dollars. \n\nBy not following the devaluations of the US currency in 1971 and 1973, the dinar rose to a value of US$3.3778, before a 5 percent devaluation reduced the value of the dinar to US$3.2169, a rate which remained until the Gulf War, although in late 1989, the black market rate was reported at five to six times higher than the official rate.\n\nBetween 15 October 2003, and 15 January 2004, the Coalition Provisional Authority issued new Iraqi dinar coins and notes, with the notes printed by the British security printing firm De La Rue using modern anti-forgery techniques to \&quot;create a single unified currency that is used throughout all of Iraq and will also make money more convenient to use in people's everyday lives\&quot;. Multiple trillions of Dinar were then shipped to Iraq and secured in the CBI for distribution to the masses in exchange for the 'Saddam dinar'. Old banknotes were exchanged for new at a one-to-one rate, except for the Swiss dinars, which were exchanged at a rate of 150 new dinars for one Swiss dinar.\n\nThere is considerable confusion (perhaps intentional on the part of dinar sellers) around the role of the International Monetary Fund in Iraq. The IMF as part of the rebuilding of Iraq is monitoring their finances and for this purpose uses a single rate (not a sell/buy) of 1170 dinars per dollar. This \&quot;program rate\&quot; is used for calculations in the IMF monitoring program and is not a rate imposed on Iraq by the IMF. For a wider history surrounding currency in the region, see British currency in the Middle East. \n\n&quot;}" data-sheets-userformat="{&quot;2&quot;:513,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0}">The <strong>Dinar </strong>is the currency of <strong>Iraq</strong>. It is issued by the <strong>Central Bank of Iraq</strong> and is subdivided into <strong>1,000 fils</strong> (فلس), although inflation has rendered the fils obsolete since 1990.<br /><br />The dinar was introduced into circulation in 1932, by replacing the Indian rupee, which had been the official currency since the British occupation of the country in World War I, at a rate of 1 dinar = 11 rupees. The dinar was pegged at par with the British pound until 1959 when, without changing its value, the peg was switched to the United States dollar at the rate of 1 dinar = 2.8 dollars.<br /><br />By not following the devaluations of the US currency in 1971 and 1973, the dinar rose to a value of US$3.3778, before a 5 percent devaluation reduced the value of the dinar to US$3.2169, a rate which remained until the Gulf War, although in late 1989, the black market rate was reported at five to six times higher than the official rate.<br /><br />Between 15 October 2003, and 15 January 2004, the Coalition Provisional Authority issued new Iraqi dinar coins and notes, with the notes printed by the British security printing firm De La Rue using modern anti-forgery techniques to "create a single unified currency that is used throughout all of Iraq and will also make money more convenient to use in people's everyday lives". Multiple trillions of Dinar were then shipped to Iraq and secured in the CBI for distribution to the masses in exchange for the 'Saddam dinar'. Old banknotes were exchanged for new at a one-to-one rate, except for the Swiss dinars, which were exchanged at a rate of 150 new dinars for one Swiss dinar.<br /><br />There is considerable confusion (perhaps intentional on the part of dinar sellers) around the role of the International Monetary Fund in Iraq. The IMF as part of the rebuilding of Iraq is monitoring their finances and for this purpose uses a single rate (not a sell/buy) of 1170 dinars per dollar. This "program rate" is used for calculations in the IMF monitoring program and is not a rate imposed on Iraq by the IMF. For a wider history surrounding currency in the region, see British currency in the Middle East. </span>

The <strong>Euro </strong>is the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the <strong>European Union</strong>. This group of states is known as the <strong>eurozone </strong>or <strong>euro </strong><strong>area</strong>, and counts about 340 million citizens as of 2019. <strong>The Euro is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar.</strong> The euro is subdivided into <strong>100 cents</strong>. The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999. <br /><br />The euro's creation had been a goal of the<strong> European Union</strong> (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. The Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (though Denmark has a policy of a fixed exchange rate with the euro). <br /><br />Banknotes of the euro, the currency of the euro area and institutions, have been in circulation since the first series was issued in 2002. They are issued by the national central banks of the <strong>Eurosystem</strong> or the <strong>European Central Bank</strong>. In 1999 the euro was introduced virtually,and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. The euro rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the European Union.

The Manx pound is the currency of the Isle of Man, in parity with the pound sterling. The Manx pound is divided into 100 pence. Notes and coins, denominated in pounds and pence, are issued by the Isle of Man Government. \n\nIn 1865, the Isle of Man Banking Company was founded and began issuing £1 notes, with £5 notes introduced in 1894. The bank changed its name to the Isle of Man Bank in 1926.\n\nThe Isle of Man Government Notes Act revoked the banks' licences to issue banknotes as of 31 July 1961. The Isle of Man Government started to issue its own notes, in denominations of 10 shillings, £1 and £5, on 3 July 1961. In 1969, the 10 s. note was replaced by a 50 pence note in the build-up to decimalisation. £20 notes were introduced in 1979. A polymer £1 note was introduced in 1983 but discontinued in 1988. A £50 note was also introduced in 1983. The 50 pence banknote was withdrawn in 1989.\n\nLegal tender status (the IOM's definition of which is akin to the UK) of the 10 shilling, 50p and £1 polymer notes continued until 31 October 2013, and these notes remained in circulation (albeit rarely seen) until this date, after which they remain exchangeable at branches of the Isle of Man Bank.&quot;}" data-sheets-userformat="{&quot;2&quot;:513,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0}">The <strong>Manx pound</strong> is the currency of the<strong> Isle of Man</strong>, in parity with the pound sterling. The Manx pound is divided into <strong>100 pence</strong>. Notes and coins, denominated in pounds and pence, are issued by the <strong>Isle of Man Government</strong>.<br /><br />In 1865, <strong>the Isle of Man Banking Company</strong> was founded and began issuing £1 notes, with £5 notes introduced in 1894. The bank changed its name to the <strong>Isle of Man Bank</strong> in 1926.<br /><br />The Isle of Man Government Notes Act revoked the banks' licences to issue banknotes as of 31 July 1961. The Isle of Man Government started to issue its own notes, in denominations of 10 shillings, £1 and £5, on 3 July 1961. In 1969, the 10 s. note was replaced by a 50 pence note in the build-up to decimalisation. £20 notes were introduced in 1979. A polymer £1 note was introduced in 1983 but discontinued in 1988. A £50 note was also introduced in 1983. The 50 pence banknote was withdrawn in 1989.<br /><br />Legal tender status (the IOM's definition of which is akin to the UK) of the 10 shilling, 50p and £1 polymer notes continued until 31 October 2013, and these notes remained in circulation (albeit rarely seen) until this date, after which they remain exchangeable at branches of the Isle of Man Bank.</span>

The Israeli new shekel, also known as simply the Israeli shekel , is the currency of Israel and is also used as a legal tender in the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The new shekel is divided into 100 agora. The new shekel has been in use since 1 January 1986, when it replaced the hyperinflated old shekel at a ratio of 1000:1. \n\nThe currency sign for the new shekel ⟨ ₪ ⟩ is a combination of the first Hebrew letters of the words shekel (ש) and ẖadash (ח) (new). It was previously known as the new Israeli shekel and the non-official abbreviation of NIS (ש\&quot;ח‎ and ش.ج‎) is still commonly used domestically to denominate prices and also appears on the Bank of Israel's web site. However, the official international currency code of the Israeli new shekel is ILS, as set by the International Organization for Standardization under ISO 4217. \n\nThe origin of the name \&quot;shekel\&quot; (שקל‎) is from the ancient biblical currency by the same name. Shekel is any of several ancient units of weight or of currency in ancient Israel. Initially, it may have referred to a weight of barley. In ancient Israel, the shekel was known to be about 180 grains (11 grams or .35 troy ounces).\n\nFrom the formation of the modern State of Israel on 14 May 1948 through 1952 banknotes continued to be issued by the Anglo-Palestine Bank as the Palestine pound which was pegged to the British Pound. In 1952, the Anglo-Palestine Bank changed its name to Bank Leumi Le-Yisrael (National Bank of Israel) and the currency name became the Israeli pound.&quot;}" data-sheets-userformat="{&quot;2&quot;:513,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0}">The <strong>Israeli new shekel,</strong> also known as simply the <strong>Israeli shekel</strong> , is the currency of <strong>Israel </strong>and is also used as a legal tender in the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The new shekel is divided into <strong>100 agora</strong>. The new shekel has been in use since 1 January 1986, when it replaced the hyperinflated old shekel at a ratio of 1000:1.<br /><br />The currency sign for the new shekel ⟨ ₪ ⟩ is a combination of the first Hebrew letters of the words shekel (ש) and ẖadash (ח) (new). It was previously known as the new Israeli shekel and the non-official abbreviation of NIS (ש"ח‎ and ش.ج‎) is still commonly used domestically to denominate prices and also appears on the <strong>Bank of Israel's </strong>web site. However, the official international currency code of the Israeli new shekel is ILS, as set by the International Organization for Standardization under<strong> ISO 4217.</strong><br /><br />The origin of the name "shekel" (שקל‎) is from the ancient biblical currency by the same name. Shekel is any of several ancient units of weight or of currency in ancient Israel. Initially, it may have referred to a weight of barley. In ancient Israel, the shekel was known to be about 180 grains (11 grams or .35 troy ounces).<br /><br />From the formation of the modern State of Israel on 14 May 1948 through 1952 banknotes continued to be issued by the Anglo-Palestine Bank as the Palestine pound which was pegged to the British Pound. In 1952, the Anglo-Palestine Bank changed its name to Bank Leumi Le-Yisrael (National Bank of Israel) and the currency name became the Israeli pound.</span>

The euro is the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the European Union. This group of states is known as the eurozone or euro area, and counts about 340 million citizens as of 2019. The Euro is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar. The euro is subdivided into 100 cents. The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999. \n\nThe euro's creation had been a goal of the European Union (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. The Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (though Denmark has a policy of a fixed exchange rate with the euro). \n\nBanknotes of the euro, the currency of the euro area and institutions, have been in circulation since the first series was issued in 2002. They are issued by the national central banks of the Eurosystem or the European Central Bank. In 1999 the euro was introduced virtually,and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. The euro rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the European Union.&quot;}" data-sheets-userformat="{&quot;2&quot;:513,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0}">The <strong>Euro </strong>is the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the <strong>European Union</strong>. This group of states is known as the <strong>eurozone </strong>or <strong>euro area</strong>, and counts about 340 million citizens as of 2019. <strong>The Euro is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar.</strong> The euro is subdivided into <strong>100 cents</strong>. The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999.<br /><br />The euro's creation had been a goal of the European Union (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. The Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (though Denmark has a policy of a fixed exchange rate with the euro).<br /><br />Banknotes of the euro, the currency of the euro area and institutions, have been in circulation since the first series was issued in 2002. They are issued by the national central banks of the <strong>Eurosystem</strong> or the <strong>European Central Bank</strong>. In 1999 the euro was introduced virtually,and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. The euro rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the European Union.</span>

The <strong>West African CFA franc</strong> is the currency of eight independent states in <strong>West Africa</strong>: Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. These eight countries had a combined population of 105.7 million people in 2014, and a combined GDP of US$78.4 billion (as of 2012).<br /><br />The <strong>Central African CFA franc</strong> is of equal value to the West African CFA franc, and is in circulation in several central African states. They are both the CFA franc. When the CFA franc was introduced, notes issued by the <strong>Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique Occidentale</strong> in denominations of 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 1000 francs were in circulation.<br /><br />500-franc notes were added in 1946, followed by those of 5,000 francs in 1948. In 1955, the Institut d'Emission de l'A.O.F. et du Togo took over the production of paper money, issuing notes for 50, 100, 500 and 1000 francs.

The Jamaican dollar has been the currency of Jamaica since 1969. It is often abbreviated to J$, the J serving to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is divided into 100 cents. \n\nThe history of currency in Jamaica should not be considered in isolation of the wider picture in the British West Indies as a whole. See British West Indies dollar. The peculiar feature about Jamaica was the fact that it was the only British West Indies territory to use special issues of the sterling coinage, apart from the four-pence groat coin which was specially issued for all the British West Indies, and later only for British Guiana. \n\nOn 8 September 1969, banknotes of 50 cents (5 shillings), $1 (10 shillings), $2 (£1), and $10 (£5) were introduced. The $5 note was introduced on 20 October 1970, followed by the $20 in June 1976, when the 50 cent note was replaced by a coin. $100 notes were added on 2 December 1986, followed by $50 notes on 27 July 1988. The $2 note was dropped in 1994, whilst the $1 note was replaced by a coin in 1990. In 1994, coins replaced the $5 notes and $500 notes were introduced. In 1999, $10 coins replaced notes, whilst, in 2000, $20 coins replaced the notes and $1000 notes were introduced.\n\nThe Bank of Jamaica introduced a $5000 bill into Jamaica's monetary system on 24 September 2009. It bears the portrait of former Prime Minister of Jamaica, The Honourable Hugh Lawson Shearer. On May 18, 2009, a specimen note was presented to the former Prime Minister's widow, Dr. Denise Eldemire-Shearer. Some have criticized the Bank of Jamaica's measure to introduce this banknote. Among the critics are Finance Minister Audley Shaw, who says that the introduction of such a banknote is a sign that the Jamaican Dollar is losing value. \n&quot;}" data-sheets-userformat="{&quot;2&quot;:513,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0}">The <strong>Jamaican dollar</strong> has been the currency of <strong>Jamaica </strong>since 1969. It is often abbreviated to J$, the J serving to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is divided into <strong>100 cents</strong>.<br /><br />The history of currency in Jamaica should not be considered in isolation of the wider picture in the British West Indies as a whole. See British West Indies dollar. The peculiar feature about Jamaica was the fact that it was the only British West Indies territory to use special issues of the sterling coinage, apart from the four-pence groat coin which was specially issued for all the British West Indies, and later only for British Guiana.<br /><br />On 8 September 1969, banknotes of 50 cents (5 shillings), $1 (10 shillings), $2 (£1), and $10 (£5) were introduced. The $5 note was introduced on 20 October 1970, followed by the $20 in June 1976, when the 50 cent note was replaced by a coin. $100 notes were added on 2 December 1986, followed by $50 notes on 27 July 1988. The $2 note was dropped in 1994, whilst the $1 note was replaced by a coin in 1990. In 1994, coins replaced the $5 notes and $500 notes were introduced. In 1999, $10 coins replaced notes, whilst, in 2000, $20 coins replaced the notes and $1000 notes were introduced.<br /><br />The <strong>Bank of Jamaica</strong> introduced a $5000 bill into Jamaica's monetary system on 24 September 2009. It bears the portrait of former Prime Minister of Jamaica, The Honourable Hugh Lawson Shearer. On May 18, 2009, a specimen note was presented to the former Prime Minister's widow, Dr. Denise Eldemire-Shearer. Some have criticized the Bank of Jamaica's measure to introduce this banknote. Among the critics are Finance Minister Audley Shaw, who says that the introduction of such a banknote is a sign that the Jamaican Dollar is losing value. </span>

The yen is the official currency of Japan. It is the third most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar and the euro. It is also widely used as a reserve currency after the U.S. dollar, the euro, and the pound sterling. \n\nThe concept of the yen was a component of the Meiji government's modernization program of Japan's economy; which postulated the pursuit of a uniform currency throughout the country modeled after the European decimal currency system. Before the Meiji Restoration, Japan's feudal fiefs all issued their own money, hansatsu, in an array of incompatible denominations. \n\nThe New Currency Act of 1871 did away with these and established the yen, which was defined as 1.5 g (0.048 troy ounces) of gold, or 24.26 g (0.780 troy ounces) of silver, as the new decimal currency. The former han (fiefs) became prefectures and their mints private chartered banks, which initially retained the right to print money. To bring an end to this situation the Bank of Japan was founded in 1882 and given a monopoly on controlling the money supply.\n\nThe issuance of the yen banknotes began in 1872, two years after the currency was introduced. Throughout its history, the denominations have ranged from 10 yen to 10,000 yen.\n\nBefore and during World War II, various bodies issued banknotes in yen, such as the Ministry of Finance and the Imperial Japanese National Bank. The Allied forces also issued some notes shortly after the war. Since then, the Bank of Japan has been the exclusive note issuing authority. The bank has issued five series after World War II. Series E, the current series introduced in 2004, consists of ¥1000, ¥5000, and ¥10,000 notes. The EURion constellation pattern is present in the designs.\n\n\n&quot;}" data-sheets-userformat="{&quot;2&quot;:513,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0}">The <strong>Yen </strong>is the official currency of <strong>Japan</strong>. <strong>It is the third most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar and the euro</strong>. It is also widely used as a reserve currency after the U.S. dollar, the euro, and the pound sterling.<br /><br />The concept of the yen was a component of the <strong>Meiji government's</strong> modernization program of Japan's economy; which postulated the pursuit of a uniform currency throughout the country modeled after the European decimal currency system. Before the Meiji Restoration, Japan's feudal fiefs all issued their own money, hansatsu, in an array of incompatible denominations.<br /><br />The New Currency Act of 1871 did away with these and established the yen, which was defined as 1.5 g (0.048 troy ounces) of gold, or 24.26 g (0.780 troy ounces) of silver, as the new decimal currency. The former han (fiefs) became prefectures and their mints private chartered banks, which initially retained the right to print money. To bring an end to this situation the <strong>Bank of Japan </strong>was founded in 1882 and given a monopoly on controlling the money supply.<br /><br />The issuance of the yen banknotes began in 1872, two years after the currency was introduced. Throughout its history, the denominations have ranged from 10 yen to 10,000 yen.<br /><br />Before and during World War II, various bodies issued banknotes in yen, such as the Ministry of Finance and the Imperial Japanese National Bank. The Allied forces also issued some notes shortly after the war. Since then, the Bank of Japan has been the exclusive note issuing authority. The bank has issued five series after World War II. Series E, the current series introduced in 2004, consists of ¥1000, ¥5000, and ¥10,000 notes. The Eurion constellation pattern is present in the designs.</span>

The pound is the currency of Jersey. Jersey is in currency union with the United Kingdom, and the Jersey pound is not a separate currency but is an issue of banknotes and coins by the States of Jersey denominated in pound sterling, in a similar way to the banknotes issued in Scotland and Northern Ireland (see Banknotes of the pound sterling). It can be exchanged at par with other sterling coinage and notes (see also sterling zone).\n\nFor this reason, ISO 4217 does not include a separate currency code for the Jersey pound, but where a distinct code is desired JEP is generally used.\n\nBoth Jersey and Bank of England notes are legal tender in Jersey and circulate together, alongside the Guernsey pound and Scottish banknotes. The Jersey notes are not legal tender in the United Kingdom but are legal currency, so creditors and traders may accept them if they so choose.\n\nThe livre was the currency of Jersey until 1834. It consisted of French coins which, in the early 19th century, were exchangeable for sterling at a rate of 26 livres = 1 pound. After the livre was replaced by the franc in France in 1795, the supply of coins in Jersey dwindled leading to difficulties in trade and payment. In 1834, an Order in Council adopted the pound sterling as Jersey's sole official legal tender, although French copper coins continued to circulate alongside British silver coins, with 26 sous equal to the shilling. Because the sous remained the chief small-change coins, when a new copper coinage was issued for Jersey in 1841, it was based on a penny worth ​1⁄13 of a shilling, the equivalent of 2 sous. This system continued until 1877, when a penny of ​1⁄12 of a shilling was introduced.\n\nAlong with the rest of the British Isles, Jersey decimalised in 1971 and began issuing a full series of circulating coins from ½p to 50p. £1 and £2 denominations followed later.\n\nAs of December 2005, there was £64.7m of Jersey currency in circulation. A profit of £2.8m earned on the issue of Jersey currency was received by the Treasurer of the States in 2005.&quot;}" data-sheets-userformat="{&quot;2&quot;:513,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0}">The <strong>Pound </strong>is the currency of <strong>Jersey</strong>. Jersey is in currency union with the United Kingdom, and the Jersey pound is not a separate currency but is an issue of banknotes and coins by the <strong>States of Jersey </strong>denominated in pound sterling, in a similar way to the banknotes issued in Scotland and Northern Ireland (see Banknotes of the pound sterling). It can be exchanged at par with other sterling coinage and notes (see also sterling zone).<br /><br />For this reason, <strong>ISO 4217</strong> does not include a separate currency code for the Jersey pound, but where a distinct code is desired <strong>JEP </strong>is generally used.<br /><br />Both Jersey and Bank of England notes are legal tender in Jersey and circulate together, alongside the Guernsey pound and Scottish banknotes. The Jersey notes are not legal tender in the United Kingdom but are legal currency, so creditors and traders may accept them if they so choose.<br /><br />The livre was the currency of Jersey until 1834. It consisted of French coins which, in the early 19th century, were exchangeable for sterling at a rate of 26 livres = 1 pound. After the livre was replaced by the franc in France in 1795, the supply of coins in Jersey dwindled leading to difficulties in trade and payment. In 1834, an Order in Council adopted the pound sterling as Jersey's sole official legal tender, although French copper coins continued to circulate alongside British silver coins, with 26 sous equal to the shilling. Because the sous remained the chief small-change coins, when a new copper coinage was issued for Jersey in 1841, it was based on a penny worth 1⁄13 of a shilling, the equivalent of 2 sous. This system continued until 1877, when a penny of 1⁄12 of a shilling was introduced.</span>

The <strong>Dinar </strong>is the principal currency unit in several countries and was used historically in several more.<br /><br />The modern dinar's historical antecedents are the gold dinar, the main coin of the medieval Islamic empires, first issued in AH 77 (696–697 AD) by <strong>Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan.</strong> The word is derived from the silver denarius coin of ancient Rome, first minted about 211 BC.<br /><br />The English word "dinar" is the transliteration of the Arabic دينار (dīnār), which was borrowed via the Syriac dīnarā from the Greek δηνάριον (dēnárion), itself from the Latin dēnārius.<br /><br />A gold coin known as the dīnāra was also introduced to India by the Kushan Empire in the 1st century AD, and adopted by the Gupta Empire and its successors up to the 6th century. The modern gold dinar is a projected bullion gold coin, so far not issued as official currency by any state.

The tenge is the currency of Kazakhstan. It is divided into 100 tıyn (тиын, also transliterated as tiyin or tijin). The ISO-4217 code is KZT.\n\nThe word tenge in the Kazakh and most other Turkic languages means a set of scales (cf the old Uzbek tenga or the Tajik borrowed term tanga). The origin of the word is the Turkic teŋ- which means being equal, balance. The name of this currency is thus similar to the lira, pound and peso. The name of the currency is related to the Russian word for money Russian: деньги/ den'gi, which was borrowed from Turkic. \n\nIn autumn 2006, the National Bank of Kazakhstan organized a competition for the symbol of the Kazakhstan Tenge and received over 30,000 applications. On March 20, 2007, two days before the Nauryz holiday, the National Bank of Kazakhstan approved a graphical symbol for the Tenge: ₸. On March 29, 2007, the Bank announced two designers from Almaty, Vadim Davydenko and Sanzhar Amirkhanov, as winners for the creation of the symbol of the Kazakhstan Tenge. They shared a prize of 1 million tenge and the title of \&quot;parents\&quot; of the Kazakhstan Tenge symbol. The character was proposed for encoding in Unicode in 2008, and was included in Unicode 5.2.0 (August 2009) at code point U+20B8.&quot;}" data-sheets-userformat="{&quot;2&quot;:513,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0}">The <strong>tenge </strong>is the currency of <strong>Kazakhstan</strong>. It is divided into <strong>100 tıyn</strong> (тиын, also transliterated as tiyin or tijin). The<strong> ISO-4217</strong> code is <strong>KZT</strong>.<br /><br />The word tenge in the Kazakh and most other Turkic languages means a set of scales (cf the old Uzbek tenga or the Tajik borrowed term tanga). The origin of the word is the Turkic teŋ- which means being equal, balance. The name of this currency is thus similar to the lira, pound and peso. The name of the currency is related to the Russian word for money Russian: деньги/ den'gi, which was borrowed from Turkic.<br /><br />In autumn 2006, the <strong>National Bank of Kazakhstan</strong> organized a competition for the symbol of the Kazakhstan Tenge and received over 30,000 applications. On March 20, 2007, two days before the Nauryz holiday, the National Bank of Kazakhstan approved a graphical symbol for the Tenge: ₸. On March 29, 2007, the Bank announced two designers from Almaty, Vadim Davydenko and Sanzhar Amirkhanov, as winners for the creation of the symbol of the Kazakhstan Tenge. They shared a prize of 1 million tenge and the title of "parents" of the Kazakhstan Tenge symbol. The character was proposed for encoding in Unicode in 2008, and was included in Unicode 5.2.0 (August 2009) at code point U+20B8.</span>

The shilling is the currency of Kenya. It is divided into 100 cents. \n\nOn 14 September 1966, the Kenyan shilling replaced the East African shilling at par, although the latter was not demonetised until 1969. The Central Bank of Kenya issued notes in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 shillings. All of the notes feature a portrait of Kenya's first prime minister and president, Jomo Kenyatta, on the front and diverse economic activities on the back.\n\n5 shillings notes were replaced by coins in 1985, with the same happening to 10 and 20 shillings in 1994 and 1998. In 1986, 200 shillings notes were introduced, followed by 500 shillings in 1988 and 1000 shillings in 1994.\n\nAs with the coins, Kenyatta appeared on the banknotes issued until 1978, with Daniel arap Moi's portrait replacing him in 1980. In 2003, after Mwai Kibaki replaced Moi as president, 5, 10, and 20 shilling notes from the 1978 series with Kenyatta's picture that had been in storage were issued, and circulated for a time. A new series of notes was then introduced on which Kenyatta reappeared with denominations of 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 shillings. The issue of 12 December 2003 commemorates the \&quot;40 years of Independence 1963–2003\&quot;. The banknotes are printed in Nairobi by security printer De La Rue. &quot;}" data-sheets-userformat="{&quot;2&quot;:513,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0}">The <strong>shilling </strong>is the currency of <strong>Kenya</strong>. It is divided into <strong>100 cents</strong>.<br /><br />On 14 September 1966, the Kenyan shilling replaced the East African shilling at par, although the latter was not demonetised until 1969. The <strong>Central Bank of Kenya</strong> issued notes in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 shillings. All of the notes feature a portrait of Kenya's first prime minister and president, Jomo Kenyatta, on the front and diverse economic activities on the back.<br /><br />5 shillings notes were replaced by coins in 1985, with the same happening to 10 and 20 shillings in 1994 and 1998. In 1986, 200 shillings notes were introduced, followed by 500 shillings in 1988 and 1000 shillings in 1994.<br /><br />As with the coins, Kenyatta appeared on the banknotes issued until 1978, with Daniel arap Moi's portrait replacing him in 1980. In 2003, after Mwai Kibaki replaced Moi as president, 5, 10, and 20 shilling notes from the 1978 series with Kenyatta's picture that had been in storage were issued, and circulated for a time. A new series of notes was then introduced on which Kenyatta reappeared with denominations of 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 shillings. The issue of 12 December 2003 commemorates the "40 years of Independence 1963–2003". The banknotes are printed in Nairobi by security printer De La Rue. </span>

The dollar is the currency of Kiribati. It is pegged at 1:1 ratio to the Australian dollar. Coins were issued in 1979 and circulate alongside banknotes and coins of the Australian dollar.\n\nBefore independence, Australian coins were used in Kiribati ( then called the Gilbert Islands ) from 1966 until 1979. Previous to Australia's introduction of the dollar, the Australian pound was chiefly used throughout the islands, though Gilbert and Ellice Islands banknotes issued in the 1940s were also in use and were redeemable for Pound Sterling at face value.\n\nDuring Japanese occupation of the islands during World War II, the Oceanian pound, an all banknote currency created by the Japanese Government to be a universal currency for the pacific, was in use. The Australian pound was restored as the official national currency after the war ended. \n\nA call to issue coinage for an independent Kiribati in 1979 was made to legitimise its new political status, and although Australian banknotes would be used, the decision to issue domestic coins was widely favoured and accepted. A two dollar coin was later introduced to replace the note and celebrate the nation's tenth anniversary. &quot;}" data-sheets-userformat="{&quot;2&quot;:513,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0}">The <strong>dollar </strong>is the currency of <strong>Kiribati</strong>. It is pegged at 1:1 ratio to the Australian dollar. Coins were issued in 1979 and circulate alongside banknotes and coins of the Australian dollar.<br /><br />Before independence, Australian coins were used in Kiribati ( then called the Gilbert Islands ) from 1966 until 1979. Previous to Australia's introduction of the dollar, the Australian pound was chiefly used throughout the islands, though Gilbert and Ellice Islands banknotes issued in the 1940s were also in use and were redeemable for Pound Sterling at face value.<br /><br />During Japanese occupation of the islands during World War II, the Oceanian pound, an all banknote currency created by the Japanese Government to be a universal currency for the pacific, was in use. The Australian pound was restored as the official national currency after the war ended.<br /><br />A call to issue coinage for an independent Kiribati in 1979 was made to legitimise its new political status, and although Australian banknotes would be used, the decision to issue domestic coins was widely favoured and accepted. A two dollar coin was later introduced to replace the note and celebrate the nation's tenth anniversary.</span>

The <strong>won </strong>or the <strong>Korean Won </strong>is the currency of <strong>South Korea</strong>. A single won is divided into <strong>100 jeon</strong>, the monetary subunit. The jeon is no longer used for everyday transactions, and appears only in foreign exchange rates. The won is issued by the <strong>Bank of Korea</strong>, based in the capital city of <strong>Seoul</strong>.<br /><br />Prior to 1910, the won was the currency.<br /><br />During the colonial era under the Japanese (1910-45), the won was replaced by the Korean yen which was at par with the Japanese Yen.<br /><br />After World War II ended in 1945, Korea was divided, resulting in two separate currencies, both called won, for the South and the North. Both the Southern won and the Northern won replaced the yen at par. The first South Korean won was subdivided into 100 jeon.<br /><br />The South Korean won initially had a fixed exchange rate to the U.S. dollar at a rate of 15 won to 1 dollar. A series of devaluations followed, the later ones, in part, due to the Korean War (1950-53).<br /><br />The first South Korean won was replaced by the hwan on February 15, 1953 at a rate of 1 hwan = 100 won. Republic of Korea Banknotes 5th Edition.<br /><br />In 1946, the Bank of Joseon introduced 10- and 100-won notes. These were followed in 1949 by 5- and 1,000-won notes.<br /><br />A new central bank, the <strong>Bank of Korea,</strong> was established on 12 June 1950, and assumed the duties of Bank of Joseon. Notes were introduced (some dated 1949) in denominations of 5, 10 and 50 jeon, and 100 and 1,000 won. The 500-won notes were introduced in 1952. In 1953, a series of banknotes was issued which, although it gave the denominations in English in won, were, in fact, the first issues of the hwan.

The <strong>Kuwaiti dinar</strong> is the currency of <strong>Kuwait</strong>. It is sub-divided into <strong>1,000 fils</strong>. <strong>The Kuwaiti dinar is currently the world's highest-valued currency unit per face value.</strong><br /><br />The dinar was introduced in 1960 to replace the Gulf rupee, equal to the Indian rupee. It was initially equivalent to one pound sterling. As the rupee was fixed at 1 shilling 6 pence, that resulted in a conversion rate of ​13 1⁄3 rupees to the dinar.<br /><br />When Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, the Iraqi dinar replaced the Kuwaiti dinar as the currency and large quantities of banknotes were stolen by the invading forces. After liberation, the Kuwaiti dinar was restored as the country's currency and a new banknote series was introduced, allowing the previous notes, including those stolen, to be demonetized.<br /><br />After the liberation, a fourth series was issued on 24 March 1991 with the aims of replacing the previous withdrawn series as quickly as possible and guaranteeing the country's swift economic recovery. This fourth series was legal tender until 16 February 1995. Denominations were ​1⁄4, ​1⁄2, 1, 5, 10 and 20 dinars.<br /><br />The fifth series of Kuwaiti banknotes were in use from 3 April 1994 and included high-tech security measures which have now become standard for banknotes. Denominations were as in the fourth series.<br /><br /><strong>Central Bank of Kuwait</strong> brought the sixth series of Kuwaiti banknotes into circulation on 29 June 2014. Some of the bills are coarse so that the blind can identify them by touch.

The <strong>som </strong>is the currency of the Kyrgyz Republic. The <strong>ISO 4217 </strong>currency code is <strong>KGS</strong>. The som is sub-divided into <strong>100 tyiyn</strong>.<br /><br />After the collapse of the Soviet Union attempts were made by most republics to maintain a common currency. Certain politicians were hoping to at the very least maintain "special relations" among former Soviet republics, or the "near abroad". Another reason were the economic considerations for maintaining the ruble zone. The wish to preserve the strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal.<br /><br />The break-up of the Soviet Union was not accompanied by any formal changes in monetary arrangements. The Central Bank of Russia was authorized to take over the State Bank of the USSR (Gosbank) on 1 January 1992. It continued to ship USSR ruble notes and coins to the central banks of the fourteen newly independent countries, which had formerly been the main branches of Gosbank in the republics. The political situation, however, was not favorable for maintaining a common currency. Maintaining a common currency requires a strong political consensus in respect to monetary and fiscal targets, a common institution in charge of implementing these targets, and some minimum of common legislation (concerning the banking and foreign exchange regulations). These conditions were far from being met amidst the turbulent economic and political situation.<br /><br />During the first half of 1992, a monetary union with 15 independent states all using the ruble existed. Since it was clear that the situation would not last, each of them was using its position as "free-riders" to issue huge amounts of money in the form of credit. As a result, some countries were issuing coupons in order to "protect" their markets from buyers from other states. The Russian central bank responded in July 1992 by setting up restrictions to the flow of credit between Russia and other states. The final collapse of the ruble zone began when Russia pulled out with the exchange of banknotes by the Central Bank of Russia on Russian territory at the end of July 1993.<br /><br />The som was introduced on May 10, 1993, replacing the Soviet ruble at a rate of 1 som = 200 rubles. Initially only banknotes were issued, coins were not introduced until 2008.

The <strong>kip </strong>is the currency of <strong>Laos </strong>since 1952. Historically, one kip was divided into <strong>100 att</strong> (ອັດ).<br /><br />In 1945–1946, the Free <strong>Lao government </strong>in <strong>Vientiane </strong>issued a series of paper money in denominations of 10, 20 and 50 att and 10 kip before the French authorities took control of the region.<br /><br />The kip was reintroduced in 1952, replacing the French Indochinese piastre at par. The kip (also called a piastre in French) was sub-divided into 100 att (Lao: ອັດ) or cents (French: Centimes).<br /><br />In 1953, the Laos branch of the Institut d'Emission des Etats du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam issued notes dual denominated in piastre and kip. At the same time, the two other branches had the similar arrangement with the riel in Cambodia and the đồng in South Vietnam. There were notes for 1, 5, 100 and 100 kip/piastres.<br /><br />In 1957, the government issued notes denominated solely in kip. The notes were for 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 kip printed by the Security Banknote Company, 100 kip printed by the Banque de France and a commemorative 500 kip printed by Thomas De la Rue. 1 and 5 kip notes printed by Bradbury & Wilkinson, and a 10 kip by De la Rue were introduced by 1962.<br /><br />In 1963, 20, 50, 200 and 1000 kip notes were added, all printed by De la Rue. These were followed by 100, 500 and 5000 kip notes in 1974–75, again by De La Rue. A 1975 10 kip by Bradbury & Wilkinson and a 1000 kip by De la Rue were printed but not circulated.

The <strong>Euro </strong>is the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the <strong>European Union</strong>. This group of states is known as the <strong>eurozone </strong>or <strong>euro area</strong>, and counts about 340 million citizens as of 2019. <strong>The Euro is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar.</strong> The euro is subdivided into <strong>100 cents</strong>. The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999.<br /><br />The euro's creation had been a goal of the European Union (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. The Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (though Denmark has a policy of a fixed exchange rate with the euro).<br /><br />Banknotes of the euro, the currency of the euro area and institutions, have been in circulation since the first series was issued in 2002. They are issued by the national central banks of the <strong>Eurosystem</strong> or the <strong>European Central Bank</strong>. In 1999 the euro was introduced virtually,and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. The euro rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the European Union.

The <strong>Lebanese pound </strong>is the currency of <strong>Lebanon</strong>. It used to be divided into <strong>100 piastres</strong> (or qirsh) but high inflation in the Lebanese Civil War has eliminated the subdivisions.<br /><br />Before World War I, the Ottoman lira was used. In 1918, after the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the currency became the Egyptian pound. Upon gaining control of Syria and Lebanon, the French replaced the Egyptian pound with a new currency for Syria and Lebanon, the Syrian pound, which was linked to the French franc at a value of 1 pound = 20 francs. Lebanon issued its own coins from 1924 and banknotes from 1925. In 1939, the Lebanese currency was officially separated from that of Syria, though it was still linked to the French franc and remained interchangeable with Syrian money. In 1941, following France's defeat by Nazi Germany, the currency was linked instead to the British pound sterling at a rate of 8.83 Lebanese pounds = 1 pound sterling. A link to the French franc was restored after the war but was abandoned in 1949.<br /><br />Before the Lebanese Civil War, 1 U.S. dollar was worth 3 pounds. During the civil war, the value decreased rapidly until 1992, when one dollar was worth over 2500 pounds. Subsequently, the value increased again, and since December 1997 the rate of the pound has been fixed at 1507.5 pounds per US$.

The <strong>Loti </strong>is the currency of the <strong>Kingdom of Lesotho</strong>. It is subdivided into <strong>100 Lisente</strong> (sg. Sente). It is pegged to the South African rand on a 1:1 basis through the Common Monetary Area, and both are accepted as legal tender within Lesotho. The loti was first issued in 1966, albeit as a non-circulating currency. In 1980, Lesotho issued its first coins denominated in both loti and lisente (dated 1979) to replace the South African Rand, but the Rand remains legal tender.<br /><br />The name derives from the Sesotho loti, "mountain," while sente is from English "cent."<br /><br />In January 1980, banknotes dated 1979 (the last two digits of the year of issue are the serial number prefix denominator) were introduced in denominations of 2, 5 and 10 maloti. 20 and 50 maloti notes were added in 1981, followed by 100 and 200 maloti in 1994.<br /><br />On 1 March 2011, at a celebration marking its 30th anniversary, the <strong>Central Bank of Lesotho</strong> launched a new series of banknotes dated 2010 aimed at fighting the spread of counterfeits. The notes feature a portrait of the three royal family members: the current king, His Majesty Letsie III is in the middle, his father King Moshoeshoe II is on the left, and the founder of the Basotho nation, King Moshoeshoe I, on the right.

The <strong>Dollar </strong>(<strong>currency code LRD</strong>) has been the currency of <strong>Liberia </strong>since 1943. It was also the country's currency between 1847 and 1907. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or alternatively L$ or LD$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is divided into <strong>100 cents</strong>.<br /><br />The first Liberian dollar was issued in 1847. It was pegged to the US dollar at par and circulated alongside the US dollar until 1907, when Liberia adopted the British West African pound, which was pegged to sterling.<br /><br />The Treasury Department issued notes between 1857 and 1880 in denominations of 10 and 50 cents, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 dollars.<br /><br />Five-dollar notes were introduced in 1989 which bore the portrait of J. J. Roberts. These were known as "J. J." notes. In 1991, similar notes were issued which replaced the portrait with Liberia's arms. These were known as "Liberty" notes.<br /><br />On 29 March 2000, the <strong>Central Bank of Liberia </strong>introduced a new “unified” currency, which was exchanged at par for “J. J.” notes and at a ratio of 1:2 for “Liberty” notes. The new banknotes each feature a portrait of a former president. These notes remain in current use, although they underwent a minor redesign in 2003, with new dates, signatures, and the CENTRAL BANK OF LIBERIA banner on the back.<br /><br />On 27 July 2016, the <strong>Central Bank of Liberia</strong> announced new banknotes will be introduced with enhanced security features. All of the denominations are the same as previous issues, with the $500 banknote being introduced as part of this series. On 6 October 2016, the Central Bank of Liberia introduced new banknotes, as announced.<br /><br />When the $500 note was introduced it was worth US$5.50. Its value has since dropped to US$3.35 as of 30 June 2018.

The <strong>Dinar </strong>is the currency of <strong>Libya</strong>. Its <strong>ISO 4217 </strong>code is "<strong>LYD</strong>". The dinar is subdivided into <strong>1000 dirham</strong> . It was introduced in September 1971 and replaced the pound at par. It is issued by the <strong>Central Bank of Libya</strong>, which also supervises the banking system and regulates credit. In 1972, the<strong> Libyan Arab Foreign Bank was established to deal with overseas investment</strong>. Ali Mohammed Salem, deputy governor of Central Bank of Libya stated the exchange rate of Libyan dinar would be pegged to special drawing rights for one to three years, according to an interview to Reuters on 27 December 2011.<br /><br />The Libyan dinar is commonly called <strong>jni</strong>, (western Libyan Dialect) or <strong>jneh </strong>(eastern Libyan dialect). The name dinar is rarely used outside official circles. The authorized fractional unit, the dirham, is never mentioned in everyday conversation. Garsh - a variant of the word qirsh - is employed instead, with 1 garsh = 10 dirhams. One thousand dinars is stylishly called a kilo . Similarly, five dinar notes and ten dinar notes are sometimes nicknamed, in the younger generation male slang, faifa and tsena respectively, which are playful feminizations of the English words five and ten, but may also be remnants of British slang words 'fiver' and 'tenner' for five and ten pound notes respectively. Libyan currency is nicknamed by Libyans ʿOmar El-Mokhtar after the Libyan freedom fighter who is featured on the obverse of the 10 dinar note.<br /><br />Since 2016, the <strong>Central Bank of Libya</strong> allied with the <strong>House of Representatives</strong> and issued its own Libyan dinar, with banknotes for 20 and 50 dinars and a 1 dinar coin, which was printed and coined by Goznak in Russia. They were issued in response to a shortage of cash in the eastern half of the country, reflecting the disunity of Libya that has two rival governments in the east and west.

The <strong>franc </strong>is the currency and legal tender of Switzerland and <strong>Liechtenstein</strong>; it is also legal tender in the Italian exclave Campione d'Italia. The Swiss National Bank (SNB) issues banknotes and the federal mint Swissmint issues coins.<br /><br />The smaller denomination, a hundredth of a franc, is a Rappen (Rp.) in German, centime (c.) in French, centesimo (ct.) in Italian, and rap (rp.) in Romansh. The ISO code of the currency used by banks and financial institutions is CHF, although Fr. is also widely used by businesses and advertisers; some use SFr. for Swiss Franc and to a lesser extent Fr.sv. The Latinate "CH" stands for Confoederatio Helvetica.<br /><br />In 1798, the Helvetic Republic introduced the franc, a currency based on the Berne thaler, subdivided into 10 batzen or 100 centimes. The Swiss franc was equal to ​6 3⁄4 grams of pure silver or ​1 1⁄2 French francs.<br /><br />This franc was issued until the end of the Helvetic Republic in 1803, but served as the model for the currencies of several cantons in the Mediation period (1803–1814). These 19 cantonal currencies were the Appenzell frank, Argovia frank, Basel frank, Berne frank, Fribourg frank, Geneva franc, Glarus frank, Graubünden frank, Luzern frank, St. Gallen frank, Schaffhausen frank, Schwyz frank, Solothurn frank, Thurgau frank, Ticino franco, Unterwalden frank, Uri frank, Vaud franc, and Zürich frank.<br /><br />After 1815, the restored Swiss Confederacy attempted to simplify the system of currencies once again. As of 1820, a total of 8,000 distinct coins were current in Switzerland: those issued by cantons, cities, abbeys, and principalities or lordships, mixed with surviving coins of the Helvetic Republic and the pre-1798 Helvetic Republic. In 1825, the cantons of Berne, Basel, Fribourg, Solothurn, Aargau, and Vaud formed a monetary concordate, issuing standardised coins, the so-called Konkordanzbatzen, still carrying the coat of arms of the issuing canton, but interchangeable and identical in value. The reverse side of the coin displayed a Swiss cross with the letter C in the center.

The <strong>Euro </strong>is the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the <strong>European Union</strong>. This group of states is known as the <strong>eurozone </strong>or <strong>euro area</strong>, and counts about 340 million citizens as of 2019. <strong>The Euro is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar.</strong> The euro is subdivided into <strong>100 cents</strong>. The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999.<br /><br />The euro's creation had been a goal of the European Union (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. The Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (though Denmark has a policy of a fixed exchange rate with the euro).<br /><br />Banknotes of the euro, the currency of the euro area and institutions, have been in circulation since the first series was issued in 2002. They are issued by the national central banks of the <strong>Eurosystem</strong> or the <strong>European Central Bank</strong>. In 1999 the euro was introduced virtually,and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. The euro rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the European Union.

The <strong>Euro </strong>is the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the <strong>European Union</strong>. This group of states is known as the <strong>eurozone </strong>or <strong>euro area</strong>, and counts about 340 million citizens as of 2019. <strong>The Euro is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar.</strong> The euro is subdivided into <strong>100 cents</strong>. The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999.<br /><br />The euro's creation had been a goal of the European Union (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. The Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (though Denmark has a policy of a fixed exchange rate with the euro).<br /><br />Banknotes of the euro, the currency of the euro area and institutions, have been in circulation since the first series was issued in 2002. They are issued by the national central banks of the <strong>Eurosystem</strong> or the <strong>European Central Bank</strong>. In 1999 the euro was introduced virtually,and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. The euro rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the European Union.

The <strong>Macau pataca</strong> or <strong>Macanese pataca</strong> is the currency of <strong>Macau</strong>. It is subdivided into <strong>100 avos</strong>, with <strong>10 avos</strong> called ho in <strong>Cantonese</strong>. The abbreviation <strong>MOP$</strong> is commonly used.<br /><br />Macau has a currency board system under which the legal tender, Macau pataca, is 100 percent backed by foreign exchange reserves, in this case currently the Hong Kong dollar. Moreover, the currency board, Monetary Authority of Macau (<strong>AMCM</strong>), has a statutory obligation to issue and redeem Macau pataca on demand against the Hong Kong dollar at a fixed exchange rate of HK$1 = MOP$1.03, and without limit.<br /><br />Despite the fact that the pataca is the official currency of Macau, most of the money in circulation in the Region is actually Hong Kong dollars. Patacas accounted for only 29.9% of Macau's money supply at the end of 1998. The exchange rate is pegged and is approximately MOP$1.03 for HK$1. For United States dollars, to which the Hong Kong dollar is in turn loosely pegged, the exchange rate is around 8 patacas to 1 US dollar. Although it is possible to exchange patacas in Macau, it is either difficult or impossible to do so elsewhere. The few places in Hong Kong where patacas are available are concentrated on Cleverly Street in Central, a short distance from the Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Terminal.<br /><br />Although the pataca is the legal tender of Macau, the Hong Kong dollar is almost universally acceptable in the Region, and in some cases, is preferred to the Pataca. Circulation of the pataca is mandated by a decree (Decreto-Lei n.º 16/95/M) prohibiting refusal by merchants, but some casinos flout this rule and refuse bets in patacas. The Hong Kong dollar and Chinese yuan are generally accepted throughout Macau from casinos to restaurants. Payments to government agencies can also be made in both Hong Kong dollars and patacas.<br />

The <strong>Ariary </strong>is the currency of <strong>Madagascar</strong>. It is subdivided into <strong>5 iraimbilanja</strong> and is one of only two non-decimal currencies currently circulating (the other is the Mauritanian ouguiya). The names ariary and iraimbilanja derive from the pre-colonial currency, with ariary (from the Spanish word "real") being the name for a silver dollar. Iraimbilanja means literally "one iron weight" and was the name of an old coin worth ​1⁄5 of an ariary.<br /><br />The ariary was introduced in 1961. It was equal to 5 Malagasy francs. Coins and banknotes were issued denominated in both francs and ariary, with the sub-unit of the ariary, the iraimbilanja, worth ​1⁄5 of an ariary and therefore equal to the franc. The ariary replaced the franc as the official currency of Madagascar on January 1, 2005.<br /><br />Coins and banknotes were denominated in both the official francs and the semi-official ariary and iraimbilanja since 1961. On early issues, the franc denomination was the most prominent. However, from 1978, higher value coins were issued denominated only in ariary. In 1993, new 500 ariary-2500 franc note and 5000 ariary-25,000 franc were issued with ariary slightly more prominent. On banknotes issued since July 31, 2003, the ariary denomination is displayed prominently and the franc denomination in small print. Lower denomination coins are also now issued denominated in ariary but with the main design unchanged.

The <strong>Kwacha </strong>is the currency of <strong>Malawi </strong>as of 1971, replacing the Malawian pound. It is divided into <strong>100 </strong><strong>tambala</strong>. The kwacha replaced other types of currency, namely the UK pound sterling, the South African rand, and the Rhodesian dollar, that had previously circulated through the Malawian economy. <br /><br />The exchange rate of the kwacha undergoes fixed periodical adjustments, but since 1994 the exchange rate has floated. In 2005, administrative measures were put in place by Bingu wa Mutharika to peg the exchange rate with other currencies. Banknotes are issued by the <strong>Reserve Bank of Malawi.</strong> In May 2012, the Reserve Bank of Malawi devalued the kwacha by 34% and unpegged it from the United States dollar.<br /><br />The kwacha replaced the Malawian pound in 1971 at a rate of two kwacha to one pound. As of 25 October 2016 one British pound sterling was equal to approximately 881 kwachas, one US dollar was equal to 721 kwachas and one South African rand was equal to 52 kwachas. As of 23 October 2018 one Euro is equivalent to 833.040 Kwachas.

The <strong>Malaysian ringgit</strong> is the currency of Malaysia. It is divided into <strong>100 sen</strong> (cents). The ringgit is issued by the <strong>Bank Negara Malaysia</strong>.<br /><br />On 12 June 1967, the Malaysian dollar, issued by the new central bank, <strong>Bank Negara Malaysia</strong>, replaced the Malaya and British Borneo dollar at par. The new currency retained all denominations of its predecessor except the $10,000 denomination, and also brought over the colour schemes of the old dollar. Over the course of the following decades, minor changes were made on the notes and coins issued, from the introduction of the M$1 coin in 1967, to the discontinuation of RM500 and RM1,000 notes in 1996.<br /><br />As the Malaysian dollar replaced the Malaya and British Borneo dollar at par and Malaysia was a participating member of the sterling area, the new dollar was originally valued at 8.57 dollars per 1 British pound sterling. In November 1967, five months after the introduction of the Malaysian dollar, the pound was devalued by 14.3%, leading to a collapse in confidence for the sterling area and its demise in 1972. The new currency was not affected but earlier notes of the Malaya and British Borneo dollar were still pegged at 8.57 dollars per 1 pound; consequently these notes were reduced in value to 85 cents per dollar.<br /><br />Despite the emergence of new currencies in Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, the Interchangeability Agreement which the three countries adhered to as original members of the currency union meant the Malaysian dollar was exchangeable at par with the Singapore dollar and Brunei dollar. This ended on 8 May 1973, when the Malaysian government withdrew from the agreement. The Monetary Authority of Singapore and the Brunei Currency and Monetary Board still maintain the interchangeability of their two currencies, as of 2017.<br /><br />In 1993, the currency symbol "<strong>RM</strong>" (Ringgit Malaysia) was introduced to replace the use of the dollar sign "$" (or "M$").

The <strong>Maldivian rufiyaa</strong> is the currency of the <strong>Maldives</strong>. The issuance of the currency is controlled by the <strong>Maldives Monetary Authority</strong> (MMA). The most commonly used symbols for the rufiyaa are MRF and Rf. The <strong>ISO 4217 </strong>code for Maldivian rufiyaa is <strong>MVR</strong>. The rufiyaa is subdivided into <strong>100 laari</strong>.<br /><br />In 1945, the<strong> People's Majlis </strong>(Parliament) passed bill number 2/66 on the "Maldivian Bank Note". Under this law, notes for 1⁄2, 1, 2, 5 and 10 rufiyaa were printed and put into circulation on 5 September 1948. In 1951, 50 and 100 rufiyaa notes were introduced.<br /><br />The current series of banknotes was issued in 1983 in denominations of 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 rufiyaa. 500 rufiyaa notes were added in 1990, with the 2 rufiyaa replaced by a coin in 1995.<br /><br />In October 2015, the Maldives Monetary Authority issued a 5,000 rufiyaa banknote in polymer to commemorate the 50th anniversary of independence, and issued a new family of notes in polymer that included a new denomination of 1,000 rufiyaa. A 5 rufiyaa banknote printed in polymer was revealed in May 2017 and was issued in July 2017. It was originally planned that this denomination was to be replaced by a coin of the same denomination, but public input convinced the Maldives Monetary Authority to go for the note.

The <strong>West African CFA franc</strong> is the currency of eight independent states in <strong>West Africa</strong>: Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. These eight countries had a combined population of 105.7 million people in 2014, and a combined GDP of US$78.4 billion (as of 2012).<br /><br />The <strong>Central African CFA franc</strong> is of equal value to the West African CFA franc, and is in circulation in several central African states. They are both the CFA franc. When the CFA franc was introduced, notes issued by the Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique Occidentale in denominations of 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 1000 francs were in circulation.<br /><br />500-franc notes were added in 1946, followed by those of 5,000 francs in 1948. In 1955, the Institut<strong> d'Emission de l'A.O.F. et du Togo</strong> took over the production of paper money, issuing notes for 50, 100, 500 and 1000 francs.

The <strong>Euro </strong>is the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the <strong>European Union</strong>. This group of states is known as the <strong>eurozone </strong>or <strong>euro </strong><strong>area</strong>, and counts about 340 million citizens as of 2019. <strong>The Euro is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar</strong>. The euro is subdivided into <strong>100 cents</strong>. The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999. <br /><br />The euro's creation had been a goal of the <strong>European Union</strong> (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. The Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (though Denmark has a policy of a fixed exchange rate with the euro). <br /><br />Banknotes of the euro, the currency of the euro area and institutions, have been in circulation since the first series was issued in 2002. They are issued by the national central banks of the Eurosystem or the <strong>European Central Bank</strong>. In 1999 the euro was introduced virtually,and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. The euro rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the European Union.

The <strong>United States dollar i</strong>s the official currency of the <strong>United States</strong> and its territories per the <strong>United States Constitution </strong>since 1792. In practice, the dollar is divided into <strong>100 smaller cent (</strong>¢) units, but is occasionally divided into 1000 mills (₥) for accounting. The circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U.S. Constitution provides that Congress shall have the power to "borrow money on the credit of the United States". Congress has exercised that power by authorizing <strong>Federal Reserve Banks</strong> to issue <strong>Federal Reserve Notes</strong>.<br /><br />Those notes are "<strong>obligations of the United States</strong>" and "shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States, in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, or at any Federal Reserve bank".[54] Federal Reserve Notes are designated by law as "legal tender" for the payment of debts. Congress has also authorized the issuance of more than 10 other types of banknotes, including the United States Note and the Federal Reserve Bank Note.<br /><br />The <strong>Federal Reserve Note</strong> is the only type that remains in circulation since the 1970s. Currently printed denominations are $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100. Notes above the $100 denomination stopped being printed in 1946 and were officially withdrawn from circulation in 1969. These notes were used primarily in inter-bank transactions or by organized crime; it was the latter usage that prompted President Richard Nixon to issue an executive order in 1969 halting their use. With the advent of electronic banking, they became less necessary. Notes in denominations of $500, $1,000, $5,000, $10,000, and $100,000 were all produced at one time; see large denomination bills in U.S. currency for details. With the exception of the $100,000 bill (which was only issued as a Series 1934 Gold Certificate and was never publicly circulated; thus it is illegal to own), these notes are now collectors' items and are worth more than their face value to collectors. Though still predominantly green, post-2004 series incorporate other colors to better distinguish different denominations. As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note, except the $1 and the current version of the $100 bill. It also plans larger, higher-contrast numerals, more color differences, and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period.

The <strong>Ouguiya</strong>, also spelled "<strong>Ougiya</strong>", is the currency of <strong>Mauritania</strong>. Each ouguiya constitutes five khoums (singular and plural in English, Arabic: خمس‎, meaning "one fifth"). As such it is one of two circulating currencies, along with the Malagasy ariary, whose division units are not based on a power of ten.<br /><br />The current ouguiya was introduced in 2018, replacing the old ouguiya at a rate of 1 new ouguiya = 10 old ouguiya, which in turn replaced the CFA franc at a rate of 1 old ouguiya = 5 francs. The name "Ouguiya" (أوقية) is the Hassaniya Arabic pronunciation of "Awqiyyah" (أُوقِية), meaning "ounce".<br /><br />In 1973, notes were issued by the <strong>Central Bank of Mauritania </strong>(Banque Centrale de Mauritanie) in denominations of 100, 200 and 1,000 ouguiya. In 1974, a second series of notes was issued in the same denominations, with 500 ouguiya notes added in 1979. Banknotes have been printed by Giesecke & Devrient in Munich, starting with the second issue.<br /><br />New banknotes were introduced in 2004. These notes have completely new fronts and the vignettes on the backs have been redesigned to accommodate the reduction in size. The 2,000-ouguiya denomination is entirely new.<br /><br />All but the 100- and 200-ouguiya notes have the denomination expressed in Arabic numerals in a holographic patch at right front. The serial numbers for all denominations now appear horizontally at upper left and lower center, and vertically at far right, all formatted with a 2-character prefix, 7-digit serial number, and 1-character suffix.<br /><br />An entirely new 5,000-ouguiya denomination dated 28.11.2009 was introduced on 8 August 2010, followed by a redesigned 2,000-ouguiya note dated 28.11.2011 issued on 1 February 2012.

The <strong>Rupee </strong>(sign: ₨; <strong>ISO 4217 </strong>code: <strong>MUR</strong>; pronounced [ʁupi]) is the currency of <strong>Mauritius</strong>. One rupee is subdivided into <strong>100 cents</strong>. Several other currencies are also called rupee.<br /><br />The first banknotes were issued by the <strong>Government </strong>dated 1876 in denominations of 5, 10 and 50 rupees. 1 rupee notes were added in 1919. In 1940, emergency issues were made of 25 and 50 cents and 1 rupee. In 1954, 25 and 1000 rupees were introduced.<br /><br />The <strong>Bank of Mauritius</strong> was established in September 1967 as the nation’s central bank, and has been responsible for the issue of banknotes and coins since that time. The bank issued its first notes in 1967, comprising four denominations: 5, 10, 25, and 50 rupees, all undated and featuring a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse. Over the years, some denominations were revised with new signatures of the Bank's Governor and Managing Director, but were otherwise unchanged.<br /><br />In 1985, the <strong>Bank of Mauritius</strong> issued a completely new set of banknotes of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 rupees. A close study of these banknotes reveals an interesting array of subsets which were printed by two banknote printing companies (Bradbury Wilkinson and Thomas de La Rue). The notes were also designed at different time periods as there are very few identical and consistent design features appearing on all the denominations. Varying banknote numbering systems, different types of security threads, variations in the design and size of the Mauritian Coat of Arms, different ultraviolet light latent printing, inconsistent variations in the size incrementation between the denominations and multiple different typesets are just a few of the differences. This issue lasted up to 1998.<br /><br />In 1998, The Bank of Mauritius made a new issue of banknotes consisting of 7 denominations, viz. 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 rupees. These banknotes had a standard format and were all issued simultaneously in November 1998. All the banknotes of this issue were printed in England by Thomas de la Rue Limited. These first banknotes were withdrawn from circulation in June 1999 following controversies due to the ordering of the text (English, Sanskrit, Tamil) while the population of Mauritius was mostly Tamil.<br /><br />The Bank of Mauritius made its latest issue of banknotes, which is still current, after June 1999.

The <strong>Mexican peso </strong>is the currency of <strong>Mexico</strong>. Modern peso and dollar currencies have a common origin in the 15th–19th century-Spanish dollar, most continuing to use its sign, "$". <strong>The Mexican peso is the 10th most traded currency in the world</strong>, the third most traded currency from America (after the United States dollar and Canadian dollar), and the most traded currency from Latin America.<br /><br />The current <strong>ISO 4217 </strong>code for the peso is <strong>MXN</strong>; prior to the 1993 revaluation, the code MXP was used. The peso is subdivided into <strong>100 centavos</strong>, represented by "¢". As of 09 January 2019, the peso's exchange rate was $22.14 per euro and $19.36 per U.S. dollar.<br /><br />The 18th and 19th century Spanish dollar and Mexican peso were widely used in the early United States. On July 6, 1785, the value of the United States dollar was set by decree to approximately match the Spanish dollar. Both were based on the silver content of the coins. The first U.S. dollar coins were not issued until April 2, 1792, and the peso continued to be officially recognized and used in the United States, along with other foreign coins, until February 21, 1857. In Canada, it remained legal tender, along with other foreign silver coins, until 1854 and continued to circulate beyond that date. The Mexican peso also served as the model for the Straits dollar (now the Singapore/Brunei Dollar), the Hong Kong dollar, the Japanese yen and the Chinese yuan. The term Chinese yuan refers to the round Spanish dollars, Mexican pesos and other 8 reales silver coins which saw use in China during the 19th and 20th century. The Mexican peso was also briefly legal tender in 19th century Siam, when government mints were unable to accommodate a sudden influx of foreign traders, and was exchanged at a rate of three pesos to one Thai baht.

The <strong>leu </strong>is the currency of <strong>Moldova</strong>. Like the Romanian leu, the <strong>Moldovan leu</strong> is subdivided into <strong>100 bani.</strong> The name of the currency originates from a Romanian word which means "<strong>lion</strong>".<br /><br />Between 1918 and 1940 and again between 1941 and 1944, when Moldova was part of Romania, the Romanian leu was used in what was then the eastern part of the broader Romanian region of Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian). The Moldovan leu was established on 29 November 1993, following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the creation of the independent republic of Moldova. It replaced the temporary cupon currency at a rate of 1 leu = 1000 cupon.<br /><br />In Transnistria, an unrecognized state claimed in whole by Moldova, the Transnistrian ruble is used instead. The currency is not honoured by Moldova or any other state.<br /><br />There have been two series of Moldovan leu banknotes. The first series was short-lived and only included 1, 5, and 10 lei. The front of all of these notes—and all subsequent notes—feature a portrait of Ștefan cel Mare (Stephen the Great, also known as Stephen III of Moldavia), the prince of Moldavia from 1457 to 1504. The first two lines of the Miorița (The Little Ewe) ballad appear on the back, printed vertically between the denomination numeral and the vignette of the fortress. The Miorița is an old Romanian pastoral ballad considered one of the most important pieces of Romanian folklore. The lines “Pe-un picior de plai, Pe-o gură de rai” translate as “Near a low foothill, at Heaven’s doorsill.”

The <strong>Euro </strong>is the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the <strong>European Union</strong>. This group of states is known as the <strong>eurozone </strong>or <strong>euro </strong><strong>area</strong>, and counts about 340 million citizens as of 2019. <strong>The Euro is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar</strong>. The euro is subdivided into <strong>100 cents</strong>. The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999. <br /><br />The euro's creation had been a goal of the <strong>European Union</strong> (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. The Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (though Denmark has a policy of a fixed exchange rate with the euro). <br /><br />Banknotes of the euro, the currency of the euro area and institutions, have been in circulation since the first series was issued in 2002. They are issued by the national central banks of the Eurosystem or the <strong>European Central Bank</strong>. In 1999 the euro was introduced virtually,and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. The euro rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the European Union.

The <strong>tögrög</strong> or <strong>tugrik </strong>is the official currency of <strong>Mongolia</strong>. It was historically subdivided into <strong>100 möngö</strong>. Currently, <strong>the lowest denomination in regular use is the 10-tögrög note and the highest is the 20,000-tögrög note</strong>. In unicode, the currency sign is<strong> U+20AE ₮ </strong>TUGRIK SIGN.<br /><br />In 2010, the tögrög rose 15% against the dollar, due to the growth of the mining industry in Mongolia. However, its exchange rate eroded by 24% from early 2013 to June 2014 due to falling foreign investment and mining revenue.<br /><br />The tögrög was introduced on December 9, 1925 at a value equal to one Soviet ruble, where one ruble or tögrög was equal to 18 grams (0.58 ozt) of silver. It replaced the Mongolian dollar and other currencies and became the sole legal currency on April 1, 1928.<br /><br />Möngö coins are no longer in circulation as currency, owing to their negligible value. Today, they are sold online and to tourists as collectibles

The <strong>Euro </strong>is the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the <strong>European Union</strong>. This group of states is known as the <strong>eurozone </strong>or <strong>euro </strong><strong>area</strong>, and counts about 340 million citizens as of 2019. <strong>The Euro is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar</strong>. The euro is subdivided into <strong>100 cents</strong>. The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999. <br /><br />The euro's creation had been a goal of the <strong>European Union</strong> (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. The Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (though Denmark has a policy of a fixed exchange rate with the euro). <br /><br />Banknotes of the euro, the currency of the euro area and institutions, have been in circulation since the first series was issued in 2002. They are issued by the national central banks of the Eurosystem or the <strong>European Central Bank</strong>. In 1999 the euro was introduced virtually,and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. The euro rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the European Union.

The <strong>Eastern Caribbean dollar</strong> is the currency of all seven full members and one associate member of the <strong>Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States </strong>(OECS). The successor to the British West Indies dollar, it has existed since 1965, and it is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign <strong>$ </strong>or, alternatively, <strong>EC$ </strong>to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. The EC$ is subdivided into <strong>100 cents</strong>. It has been pegged to the United States dollar since 7 July 1976, and the exchange rate is US$1 = EC$2.70.<br /><br />In 1965, the <strong>Eastern Caribbean Currency Authority</strong> issued banknotes in denominations of 1, 5, 20 and 100 dollars, all featuring Pietro Annigoni’s 1956 portrait of Queen Elizabeth II in regalia of Order of the Garter.The first issues in the name of the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank in 1985 were of the same denominations, with the addition of 10-dollar notes. The last 1-dollar notes were issued in 1989 and 50-dollar notes were introduced in 1993.<br /><br />On 1 April 2008, the <strong>Eastern Caribbean Central Bank</strong> issued a new series of banknotes which are like the preceding issues, except for omitting both the barcode and the country code letters which form part of the serial number on current notes.<br /><br />In 2012, the <strong>Eastern Caribbean Central Bank</strong> issued a series of banknotes with Braille features in an effort to provide notes which are easier for blind and visually impaired persons to use. The raised Braille characters on the upgraded notes feature a cricket theme in the form of balls and stumps. These characters have been added to the 10-, 20-, 50-, and 100-dollar notes.

The <strong>Dirham</strong> is the currency of <strong>Morocco</strong>. It is issued by the <strong>Bank Al-Maghrib</strong>, <strong>the central bank of Morocco</strong>. It is subdivided into <strong>100 centimes.</strong><br /><br />Before the introduction of a modern coinage in 1882, <strong>Morocco issued </strong>copper coins denominated in falus, silver coins denominated in dirham, and gold coins denominated in benduqi. From 1882, the dirham became a subdivision of the Moroccan rial, with 500 Mazunas = 10 dirham = 1 rial.<br /><br />When most of Morocco became a French protectorate in 1912 it switched to the Moroccan franc. The dirham was reintroduced on 16 October 1960. It replaced the franc as the major unit of currency but, until 1974, the franc continued to circulate, with 1 dirham = 100 francs. In 1974, the santim replaced the franc.<br /><br />Popular denominations are words widely used in Morocco to refer to different values of the currency; they are not considered official by the state, though. Those include the rial, equivalent to 5 santimat, and the franc, equivalent to 1 santim. Usually, when dealing with goods with a value lower than a dirham, it is common to use the rial or santim. For very high priced goods, such as cars, it is normative to refer to the price in santimat. However, rial is used when speaking in Arabic and centime when speaking in French. Though not used by the young generation, the denomination 1000, 2000, ... to 100,000 francs will be used by people who lived during the French colonial period when referring to 10, 20 and 1000 dirham. Likewise, rial is also used for higher value than portions of the dirham, reaching 5000 dhs (100,000 rial). This denomination is used in Moroccan Arabic speaking context, especially in popular milieu such as old medina souks or vegetable markets.<br /><br /><strong>Moro</strong><strong>ccan dirham</strong> is also accepted in trade markets in Ceuta, despite the prices being displayed in Euro.

The <strong>Metical </strong>is the currency of <strong>Mozambique</strong>, abbreviated with the symbol <strong>MZN </strong>or <strong>MT</strong>. It is nominally divided into <strong>100 centavos</strong>. The name metical comes from Arabic مثقال (mithqāl), a unit of weight and an alternative name for the gold dinar coin that was used throughout much of Africa until the 19th century.<br /><br />The metical (<strong>MZM</strong>) replaced the escudo at par on 16 June 1980. It was divided into 100 centavos. The metical underwent severe inflation. After the revaluation of the Romanian leu, the metical briefly became the least valued currency unit, at a value of about 24,500 meticais per USD, until the Zimbabwean dollar took the title in late August 2005.<br /><br />On July 1, 2006, Mozambique redenominated the metical at a rate of 1000:1. The new <strong>ISO 4217</strong> code is <strong>MZN</strong>. New coins and banknotes were introduced on July 1, 2006, and the transitional period during which both old and new meticais could be used lasted until December 31, 2006. During the conversion, the new currency was locally abbreviated as MTn, but has since largely returned to MT.<br /><br />Old meticais were redeemed by the <strong>Bank of Mozambique</strong> for a period of six years, until December 31, 2012.

The <strong>Kyat </strong>is the currency of <strong>Myanmar </strong>(Burma). It is often abbreviated as "<strong>K</strong>" (singular or plural) or "<strong>Ks</strong>" (plural), which is placed before or after the numerical value, depending on author preference.<br /><br />The term <strong>Kyat </strong>derives from the ancient Burmese unit kyattha, equal to 16.3 grams of silver.<br /><br />The kyat was a denomination of both silver and gold coinages in Burma until 1889. It was divided into 20 pe, each of 4 pya, with the mu and mat worth 2 and 4 pe, respectively. Nominally, 16 silver kyats equal 1 gold kyat. The silver kyat was equivalent to the Indian rupee, which replaced the kyat after Burma was conquered by the British.<br /><br />When the Japanese occupied Burma in 1942, they introduced a currency based on the rupee. This was later replaced by banknotes in all kyat denominations. This kyat was subdivided into 100 cents. The currency became worthless at the end of the war when the Burmese rupee was reintroduced in 1945.<br /><br />The present kyat was introduced on 1 July 1952. It replaced the rupee at par. Decimalisation also took place, with the kyat subdivided into 100 pya.

The <strong>Namibia</strong> <strong>dollar</strong> has been the currency of <strong>Namibia </strong>since 1993. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign <strong>$</strong>, or alternatively<strong> N$</strong> to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is divided into <strong>100 cents</strong>.<br /><br />The dollar replaced the South African rand, which had been the country's currency while it was under South African rule as South-West Africa from 1920 until 1990, at par. The rand is still legal tender, as the Namibian dollar is linked to the South African rand and can be exchanged on a one-to-one basis locally. Namibia was also part of the Common Monetary Area from independence in 1990 until the introduction of the dollar in 1993.<br /><br />The <strong>Bank of Namibia</strong> issued the first banknotes on 15 September 1993 and, in December, issued the first national coins.

The <strong>Australian dollar </strong>is the currency of Australia (including its external territories Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Norfolk Island), and of three independent Pacific Island states, specifically Kiribati, <strong>Nauru</strong>, and Tuvalu. It was introduced on 14 February 1966 when the pre-decimal Australian pound, with its system of shillings and pence, was replaced by the new decimal currency, the Australian dollar.<br /><br />Within Australia, it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ($), with A$ or AU$ sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is subdivided into <strong>100 cents</strong>.<br /><br />In 2016, the Australian dollar was the fifth most traded currency in world foreign exchange markets, accounting for 6.9% of the world's daily share (down from 8.6% in 2013) behind the United States dollar, the European Union's euro, the Japanese yen and the United Kingdom's pound sterling. The Australian dollar is popular with currency traders, because of the comparatively high interest rates in Australia, the relative freedom of the foreign exchange market from government intervention, the general stability of Australia's economy and political system, and the prevailing view that the Australian dollar offers diversification benefits in a portfolio containing the major world currencies, especially because of its greater exposure to Asian economies and the commodities cycle.

The <strong>Nepalese Rupee</strong> is the official currency of the<strong> Federal Democratic</strong> <strong>Republic of Nepal</strong>. The Nepalese rupee is subdivided into <strong>100 paisa</strong>. The issuance of the currency is controlled by the <strong>Nepal Rastra Bank</strong>, the<strong> central bank of Nepal.</strong> The Nepalese rupee was introduced in 1932, when it replaced the Nepalese mohar at the rate 2:1.<br /><br />Prior to 1994, the Nepalese rupee (रू) was pegged to the Indian Rupee (₹) at the rate रू1.45 = ₹1, however since then it has been pegged at the rate रू1.60 = ₹1 currently.<br /><br />The rupee was introduced in 1932, replacing the silver mohar at a rate of 2 mohar = 1 rupee. At first, the rupee was called the Mohru in Nepali. Its value was pegged to the Indian Rupee in 1994 at a rate of 1.6 Nepalese rupees = 1 Indian rupee.

The <strong>Euro</strong> is the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the <strong>European Union</strong>. This group of states is known as the<strong> eurozone</strong> or <strong>euro </strong><strong>area</strong>, and counts about 340 million citizens as of 2019. <strong>The Euro is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar.</strong><br /><br /><strong>The Euro is subdivided into 100 cents</strong>. The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999. The euro's creation had been a goal of the <strong>European Union</strong> (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. The Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (though Denmark has a policy of a fixed exchange rate with the euro).<br /><br />Banknotes of the euro, the currency of the euro area and institutions, have been in circulation since the first series was issued in 2002. They are issued by the national central banks of the Eurosystem or the <strong>European Central Bank</strong>. In 1999 the euro was introduced virtually,and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. The euro rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the European Union.

The <strong>Netherlands Antillean guilder</strong> is the currency of <strong>Curaçao</strong> and <strong>Sint Maarten</strong>, which until 2010 formed the <strong>Netherlands Antilles</strong> along with Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius. It is subdivided into <strong>100 cents</strong> (Dutch plural form: centen).<br /><br />The <strong>Guilder </strong>was replaced by the United States dollar on 1 January 2011 on Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius.On Curaçao and Sint Maarten, the Netherlands Antillean guilder was proposed to be replaced by a new currency, the Caribbean guilder,but this has been stalled indefinitely by negotiations over the establishment of a separate central bank for Curaçao.<br /><br />In 1892, the <strong>Curaçaosche Bank</strong> introduced notes in denominations of 25 and 50 cents, 1 and 2 1⁄2 guilders. This was the only issue of the cent denominations. Notes for 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250 and 500 guilders followed in 1900. The 1 and 2 1⁄2 guilder notes were suspended after 1920 but reintroduced by the government in 1942 as muntbiljet. From 1954, the name "Nederlandse Antillen" appeared on the reverse of the notes of the Curaçaosche Bank and, from 1955, the muntbiljet ( 2 1⁄2 guilders only) was issued in the name of the Nederlandse Antillen.<br /><br />In 1962, the bank's name was changed to the <strong>Bank van de Nederlandse Antillen</strong>. Starting in 1969, notes dated 28 AUGUSTUS 1967 began to be introduced. The front of these notes all feature the Statuut monument at front left instead of the allegorical seated woman found on the preceding issues, and on the back there is a new coat of arms. In 1970, a final issue of muntbiljet was made in denominations of both 1 and 2 1⁄2 guilders. The 500 guilder note was not issued after 1962. The 5 and the 250 guilder note was not issued after 1998. The 5 guilder was replace with a coin.

The <strong>New Zealand dollar</strong> is the official currency and legal tender of <strong>New Zealand</strong>, the Cook Islands, Niue, the Ross Dependency, Tokelau, and a British territory, the Pitcairn Islands. Within New Zealand, it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign (<strong>$</strong>), with "<strong>NZ$</strong>" sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. In the context of currency trading, it is often informally called the "<strong>Kiwi</strong>" or "<strong>Kiwi dollar</strong>", since New Zealand is commonly associated with the indigenous bird and the one-dollar coin depicts a kiwi.<br /><br />Introduced in 1967, the dollar is subdivided into <strong>100 cents</strong>. Altogether there are ten denominations—five coins and five banknotes—with the smallest being the 10-cent coin. Formerly there were lower denominations, but those were discontinued due to inflation and production costs.<br /><br />The <strong>New Zealand dollar</strong> is consistently one of the 10 most traded currencies in the world, being approximately 2.0% of global foreign exchange market daily turnover in 2013.

The <strong>CFP franc</strong> (called the franc in everyday use) is the currency used in the French overseas collectivities (<strong>collectivités d’outre-mer</strong>, or <strong>COM</strong>) of French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Wallis and Futuna. The initials CFP originally stood for Colonies Françaises du Pacifique (“<strong>French colonies of the Pacific</strong>”). This was later changed to Communauté Financière du Pacifique (“<strong>Pacific Financial Community</strong>”) and then to the present term, Change Franc Pacifique (“Pacific Franc Exchange”).<br /><br />The <strong>CFP franc</strong> was created in December 1945, together with the CFA franc, used in Africa. The reason for the creation of these francs was the weakness of the French franc immediately after the Second World War. When France ratified the Bretton Woods Agreement in December 1945, the French franc was devalued in order to set a fixed exchange rate with the US dollar. New currencies were created in the French colonies to spare them the strong devaluation of December 1945. René Pleven, the French minister of finance, was quoted saying: “In a show of her generosity and selflessness, metropolitan France, wishing not to impose on her far-away daughters the consequences of her own poverty, is setting different exchange rates for their currency.”<br /><br />The <strong>CFA franc</strong> and the other colonial currencies were set at a fixed exchange rate with the French franc. However, the CFP franc was set at a fixed exchange rate with the US dollar, which played a major role in the economy of the French Pacific territories on account of World War II. That situation ended in September 1949 when the CFP franc was given a fixed exchange rate with the French franc.

The <strong>Córdoba </strong>is the currency of <strong>Nicaragua</strong>. It is divided into 1<strong>00 centavos.</strong><br /><br />The first <strong>córdoba </strong>was introduced on March 20, 1912. It replaced the peso moneda corriente at a rate of 12½ pesos m/c = 1 córdoba and the peso fuerte at par. It was initially nearly equal to the US dollar. It was named after the Conquistador Francisco Hernández de Córdoba.<br /><br />On February 15, 1988, the 2nd córdoba was introduced. It was equal to 1,000 1st córdobas. On April 30, 1991 the third córdoba, also called the <strong>córdoba oro</strong>, was introduced, worth 5,000,000 2nd córdobas.

The <strong>West African CFA franc </strong>is the currency of eight independent states in <strong>West Africa</strong>: Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. These eight countries had a combined population of 105.7 million people in 2014, and a combined GDP of US$78.4 billion (as of 2012).<br /><br />The <strong>Central African CFA franc</strong> is of equal value to the <strong>West African CFA franc</strong>, and is in circulation in several central African states. They are both the CFA franc. When the CFA franc was introduced, notes issued by the <strong>Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique Occidentale</strong> in denominations of 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 1000 francs were in circulation.<br /><br />500-franc notes were added in 1946, followed by those of 5,000 francs in 1948. In 1955, the Institut d'Emission de l'A.O.F. et du Togo took over the production of paper money, issuing notes for 50, 100, 500 and 1000 francs.

The <strong>Naira </strong>is the currency of <strong>Nigeria</strong>. It is subdivided into <strong>100 kobo</strong>.<br /><br />The <strong>Central Bank of Nigeria</strong> (CBN) is the sole issuer of legal tender money throughout the <strong>Nigerian Federation</strong>. It controls the volume of money supplied in the economy in order to ensure monetary and price stability. The Currency & Branch Operations Department of the CBN is in charge of currency management, through the procurement, distribution/supply, processing, reissue and disposal/disintegration of bank notes and coins.<br /><br />The naira was introduced on 1 January 1973, replacing the pound at a rate of 2 naira = 1 pound. This made Nigeria the last former British colony to abandon the £sd currency system in favour of the decimal currency system. There was a plan to redenominate the naira at 1 new naira = 100 old naira in 2008, but the plan was suspended. The currency sign is U+20A6 ₦ NAIRA SIGN. The name naira is simply a contraction of "Nigeria", while the subdivision, kobo, is a local pronunciation of English "copper."<br /><br />Rampant inflation has occurred in Nigeria. The <strong>Central Bank of Nigeria</strong> claimed that they attempted to control the annual inflation rate below 10%. In 2011, the CBN increased key interest rate 6 times, rising from 6.25% to 12%. On 31 January 2012, the CBN decided to maintain the key interest rate at 12%, in order to reduce the impact of inflation due to reduction in fuel subsidies.<br /><br />As of 20 June 2016, the naira was allowed to float, after being pegged at 197 to one US dollar for several months. Trades speculated the natural range of the naira would be between 280 and 350 to the dollar.

"The <strong>Won </strong>or <strong>Korean People's won</strong> is the official currency of <strong>North Korea</strong>. It is subdivided into <strong>100 chon</strong>. The won is issued by the <strong>Central Bank of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea</strong>, based in the capital city, Pyongyang.<br /><br />The <strong>Won </strong>became the currency of North Korea on December 6, 1947, replacing the Korean yen that was still in circulation.<br /><br />North Korean won are intended exclusively for North Korean citizens, and the <strong>Bank of Trade</strong> (무역은행) issued a separate currency (or foreign exchange certificates) for visitors, like many other socialist states.<br /><br />However, North Korea made two varieties of foreign exchange certificates, one for visitors from ""socialist countries"" which were colored red and hence nicknamed ""red won"", and the other for visitors from ""capitalist countries"" which were colored blue/green and hence known as ""blue won"". FECs were used until 1999, then officially abolished in 2002, in favor of visitors paying directly with hard currencies. Since at least 2012 foreign visitors (and privileged locals) can buy goods priced in 'tied' won using a local debit card, which they have to credit with exchanging foreign currency (Euro, United States dollar or Renminbi/Yuan) at the official bank rate.<br /><br />One euro would provide a credit of 130 won. This card can be used for instance at the famous Pyongyang Department Store No. 1 or at the different stores at the international hotels, where the goods are priced at the tied won rate. This tied won does not exist in the form of bank notes. In normal stores and markets goods are priced in what has been called the 'untied' won or free market rate and regular banknotes can be used here.<br /><br />At for instance the Tongil Market and the Kwangbok Department Store  there are semi-official exchange agents who will give in regular banknotes around 10,000 won for one euro (2012) to locals and foreign visitors alike, so almost 77 times as much as the tied rate. However, the prices in the normal shops outside the tied won and restricted state shops are also based on this untied won rate."

The <strong>Denar </strong>is the currency of the <strong>Republic of Macedonia.</strong><br /><br />The first <strong>Macedonian </strong>denar was established on 26 April 1992. It replaced the 1990 version of the Yugoslav dinar at par. In May 1993, the currency was reformed. A new denar was introduced, with one new denar being equal to <strong>100 old denari</strong>.<br /><br />The name denar comes from the name of the ancient Roman monetary unit, the <strong>denarius</strong>. The currency symbol is ден, the first three letters of its name.<br /><br />The first denar was a temporary currency introduced in April 1992 to establish the monetary independence of the Republic of Macedonia. It replaced the Yugoslav dinar at par.<br /><br />The <strong>Republic of Macedonia</strong> declared independence from Yugoslavia on 8 September 1991. At the time the country was using the Yugoslav dinar. Secret preparations were started to introduce its own currency. In April 1992 the country was ready to acquire monetary independence from Yugoslavia. On 26 April the <strong>national bank </strong>was established and the denar declared the currency of the country. Notes ("value coupons") entered circulation the next day and on 30 April the Yugoslav dinar ceased to be legal tender. The first denar was replaced at a rate of 100 to 1 by a new, permanent, denar consisting of notes and coins in May 1993.<br /><br />Temporary notes ("value coupons") were introduced on 27 April 1992, although preparations for producing them began much earlier. They remained in circulation until replaced by permanent notes of the second denar during 1993.

The <strong>Turkish lira</strong> is the currency of <strong>Turkey </strong>and the self-declared <strong>Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</strong>.<br /><br />The <strong>Lira</strong>, along with the related currencies of Europe and the Middle East, has its roots in the ancient Roman unit of weight known as the libra which referred to the Troy pound of silver. The Roman libra adoption of the currency spread it throughout Europe and the Near East, where it continued to be used into medieval times. The Turkish lira, the French livre (until 1794), the Italian lira (until 2002), and the British pound (a translated version of the Roman libra; the word ""pound"" as a unit of weight is still abbreviated as ""lb."") are the modern descendants of the ancient currency.<br /><br />The <strong>Ottoman lira</strong> was introduced as the main unit of currency in 1844, with the former currency, kuruş, remaining as a 1⁄100 subdivision. The Ottoman lira remained in circulation until the end of 1927.<br /><br />A new series of banknotes, the ""E-9 Emission Group"" entered circulation on 1 January 2009, with the E-8 group ceasing to be valid after 31 December 2009 (although still redeemable at branches of the Central Bank until 31 December 2019). The E-9 banknotes refer to the currency as ""Turkish lira"" rather than ""new Turkish lira"" and include a new 200-Turkish-lira denomination.<br /><br />The new banknotes have different sizes to prevent forgery. The main specificity of this new series is that each denomination depicts a famous Turkish personality, rather than geographical sites and architectural features of Turkey. The dominant color of the 5-Turkish-lira banknote has been determined as ""purple"" on the second series of the current banknotes.

Banknotes </strong>have been issued for use specifically in <strong>Northern Ireland </strong>since 1929, and are denominated in pounds sterling. They are legal currency, but technically not legal tender anywhere (including Northern Ireland itself). However, the banknotes are still widely accepted as currency by larger merchants and institutions elsewhere in the United Kingdom. Issuing banks have been granted legal rights to issue currency, and back the notes with deposits at the Bank of England.<br /><br /><strong>The issuing of banknotes in Northern Ireland is regulated by the Currency and Bank Notes Act 1928</strong>, the Coinage Act 1971, Banknotes (Ireland) Act 1864 (c. 78), Banknotes (Ireland) Act 1920 (c. 24), Bankers (Ireland) Act 1845, Bankers (Northern Ireland) Act 1928 (c. 15), among others.<br /><br />Pursuant to some of these statutes, Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs publishes in the Belfast Gazette an account of "the Amount of Notes authorised by Law to be issued by the several Banks of Issue in Northern Ireland, and the Average Amount of Notes in Circulation, and of Bank of England Notes and Coin held"

The <strong>Krone</strong>, plural kroner, is the currency of <strong>Norway </strong>and its dependent territories. It is subdivided into <strong>100 øre</strong>, which have existed only electronically since 2012. The name translates into English as crown.<br /><br />The <strong>Krone </strong>was the thirteenth most traded currency in the world by value in April 2010, down three positions from 2007.<br /><br />In 1877, <strong>Norges Bank</strong> introduced notes for 5, 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 kroner. In 1917, 1-krone notes were issued, and 2-kroner notes were issued between 1918 and 1922. Because of metal shortages, 1- and 2-kroner notes were again issued between 1940 and 1950. In 1963, 5-kroner notes were replaced by coins, with the same happening to the 10-kroner notes in 1984. 200-kroner notes were introduced in 1994.<br /><br />The <strong>Norwegian krone</strong> is used in Norway including Svalbard. It is also informally accepted in many shops in Sweden and Finland that are close to the Norwegian border, and also in some shops in the Danish ferry ports of Hirtshals and Frederikshavn. Norwegians spent 14.1 billion NOK on border shopping in 2015 compared to 10.5 billion NOK spent in 2010. Border shopping is a fairly common practice amongst Norwegians, though it is seldom done on impulse. Money is spent mainly on food articles, alcohol and tobacco, in that order, usually in bulk or large quantities. This is due to considerably higher taxes and fees on tobacco and alcohol purchased domestically in Norway.

The <strong>Rial </strong>is the currency of <strong>Oman</strong>. It is divided into <strong>1000 baisa </strong>. <strong>The Omani rial is the world's 3rd highest valued currency</strong>.<br /><br />Before 1940, the Indian rupee and the Maria Theresa thaler (known locally as the rial) were the main currencies circulating in Muscat and Oman, as the state was then known, with rupees circulating on the coast and Thaler in the interior. Maria Theresa Thaler were valued at 230 paisa, with 64 paisa equal to the rupee.<br /><br />In 1940, coins were introduced for use in Dhofar, followed, in 1946, by coins for use in Oman. Both coinages were denominated in baisa (equivalent to the paisa), with 200 baisa to the rial. The Indian rupee and, from 1959, the Gulf rupee continued to circulate.<br /><br />In 1970, the rial Saidi (not to be confused with Saudi riyal) was made the currency of Oman. It was equal to the British pound and replaced the Gulf rupee at a rate of approximately 21 rupees to the rial. The new rial was subdivided into 1000 baisa. The rial Omani replaced the rial Saidi at par in 1973. The currency name was altered due to the regime change in 1970 and the subsequent change of the country's name.

The <strong>Pakistani rupee</strong> also referred as the<strong> Pak rupee</strong> is the official currency of <strong>Pakistan</strong>. The issuance of the currency is controlled by the <strong>State Bank of Pakistan</strong>, the central bank of the country. The most commonly used symbol for the rupee is Rs, used on receipts when purchasing goods and services.<br /><br />In Pakistan, the rupee is also spelled as "rupees", "rupaya" or "rupaye". As standard in Pakistani English, large values of rupees are counted in terms of thousands; lakh (100,000); crore or karoṛ (10 million); arab (1 billion); kharab (100 billion).<br /><br />The word rūpiya is derived from the Sanskrit word rūpya, which means "wrought silver, a coin of silver", in origin an adjective meaning "shapely", with a more specific meaning of "stamped, impressed", whence "coin". It is` derived from the noun rūpa "shape, likeness, image". Rūpaya was used to denote the coin introduced by Sher Shah Suri during his reign from 1540 to 1545 CE.<br /><br />The Pakistani rupee was put into circulation in Pakistan after the dissolution of the British Raj in 1947. Initially, Pakistan used British Indian coins and notes simply over-stamped with "Pakistan". New coins and banknotes were issued in 1948. Like the Indian rupee, it was originally divided into 16 annas, each of 4 pice or 12 pie. The currency was decimalised on 1 January 1961, with the rupee subdivided into 100 pice, renamed (in English) paise (singular paisa) later the same year. However, coins denominated in paise have not been issued since 1994.

<strong>The United States dolla</strong>r is the official currency of the <strong>United States</strong> and its territories per the <strong>United States Constitution</strong> since 1792. In practice, the dollar is divided into <strong>100 smaller cent (¢) </strong>units, but is occasionally divided into <strong>1000 mills (₥)</strong> for accounting. <br /><br />The circulating paper money consists of <strong>Federal Reserve Notes</strong> that are denominated in United States dollars. The U.S. Constitution provides that Congress shall have the power to "borrow money on the credit of the United States". <br /><br />Congress has exercised that power by authorizing Federal Reserve Banks to issue Federal Reserve Notes. Those notes are "obligations of the United States" and "shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States, in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, or at any Federal Reserve bank".[54] Federal Reserve Notes are designated by law as "legal tender" for the payment of debts. Congress has also authorized the issuance of more than 10 other types of banknotes, including the United States Note and the Federal Reserve Bank Note.<br /><br />The Federal Reserve Note is the only type that remains in circulation since the 1970s. Currently printed denominations are $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100. Notes above the $100 denomination stopped being printed in 1946 and were officially withdrawn from circulation in 1969. These notes were used primarily in inter-bank transactions or by organized crime; it was the latter usage that prompted President Richard Nixon to issue an executive order in 1969 halting their use. With the advent of electronic banking, they became less necessary. <br /><br />Notes in denominations of $500, $1,000, $5,000, $10,000, and $100,000 were all produced at one time; see large denomination bills in U.S. currency for details. With the exception of the $100,000 bill (which was only issued as a Series 1934 Gold Certificate and was never publicly circulated; thus it is illegal to own), these notes are now collectors' items and are worth more than their face value to collectors. Though still predominantly green, post-2004 series incorporate other colors to better distinguish different denominations. <br /><br />As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note, except the $1 and the current version of the $100 bill. It also plans larger, higher-contrast numerals, more color differences, and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period.

The<strong> balboa</strong> is, along with the United States dollar, one of the official currencies of <strong>Panama</strong>. It is named in honor of the Spanish explorer/conquistador Vasco Núñez de Balboa. The balboa is subdivided into 100 centésimos.<br /><br />The<strong> balboa</strong> replaced the Colombian peso in 1904 following the country's independence. With the exception of a fluctuation in 2016, the balboa has been tied to the United States dollar (which is also legal tender in Panama) at an exchange rate of 1:1 since its introduction and has always circulated alongside dollars.<br /><br />In 1941, President Arnulfo Arias pushed the government to enact Article 156 to the constitution, authorizing official and private banks to issue paper money. As a result, on 30 September 1941, El Banco <strong>Central de Emisión de la República de Panamá </strong>(Central Bank of Issue of the Republic of Panama) was established.

The <strong>kina</strong> is the currency of <strong>Papua New Guinea</strong>. It is divided into 100 toea. The kina was introduced on 19 April 1975, and circulated along with the Australian dollar until 1 January 1976, when the dollar ceased to be legal tender.<br /><br />The name <strong>kina</strong> is derived from Kuanua language of the Tolai region, referring to a callable pearl shell used widely for trading in both the Coastal and Highlands areas of the country.<br /><br />On 19 April 1975, notes were introduced for 2, 5 and 10 kina that replaced the Australian dollar at par, so the colour scheme was the same. They circulated along with the dollar until the 1 January 1976 when the dollar ceased to be legal tender. The 20 kina was introduced in 1977, 50 kina in 1988, followed by 100 kina in 2005. All colouration of the individual denominations are the same as current and former Australian decimal currency. Beginning in 1991, Papua New Guinea's banknotes have been produced on polymer, although in 2009 the bank issued Kina & Toea Day commemorative notes on paper substrates.

The <strong>guaraní</strong> is the national currency unit of <strong>Paraguay</strong>. The guaraní was divided into 100 céntimos but, because of inflation, céntimos are no longer in use.<br /><br />The law creating the guaraní was passed on 5 October 1943, and replaced the peso at a rate of 1 guaraní = 100 pesos. Guaraníes were first issued in 1944. Between 1960 and 1985, the guaraní was pegged to the United States dollar at 126 PYG to US$1.<br /><br />From day 1 (currently unknown), there would be a conversion at the rate of 1,000 ₲ = 1 N₲ ("nuevo guaraní"). After a two-year transition period (with N₲ as the currency sign, and only the old banknotes available, probably with three zeros crossed out manually), new banknotes with the lower value would be introduced, re-using the name guaraní (₲) for the lower value.

The <strong>sol </strong>is the currency of <strong>Peru</strong>; it is subdivided into 100 céntimos ("cents"). The ISO 4217 currency code is<strong> PEN</strong>.<br /><br />The sol replaced the Peruvian inti in 1991 and the name is a return to that of Peru's historic currency, as the previous incarnation of sol was in use from 1863 to 1985. Although sol in this usage is derived from the Latin solidus, the word also means "sun" in Spanish. There is thus a continuity with the old Peruvian inti, which was named after Inti, the Sun God of the Incas.<br /><br />At its introduction in 1991, the currency was officially called nuevo sol ("new sol"), but on November 13, 2015, the Peruvian Congress voted to rename the currency simply sol.Because of the bad state of economy and hyperinflation in the late 1980s, the government was forced to abandon the inti and introduce the sol as the country's new currency. The new currency was put into use on July 1, 1991, by Law No. 25,295, to replace the inti at a rate of 1 sol to 1,000,000 intis. Coins denominated in the new unit were introduced on October 1, 1991, and the first banknotes on November 13, 1991. Since that time, the sol has retained an inflation rate of 1.5%, the lowest ever in either South America or Latin America as a whole. Since the new currency was put into effect, it has managed to maintain a stable exchange rate between 2.2 and 3.66 per United States dollar.

The <strong>Philippine peso</strong>, also referred to by its Filipino name piso, is the official currency of the <strong>Philippines</strong>. It is subdivided into 100 centavos or sentimos in Filipino. As a former colony of the United States, the country used English on its currency, with the word "peso" appearing on notes and coinage until 1967.<br /><br />Since the adoption of the usage of the Filipino language on banknotes and coins, the term "piso" is now used. From September 2017 to 2 August 2018, the ISO 4217 standard referred to the currency by the Filipino term "piso". It has since been changed back to "peso".<br /><br />The peso is usually denoted by the symbol "₱". Other ways of writing the Philippine peso sign are "PHP", "PhP", "Php", or just "P". The "₱" symbol was added to the Unicode standard in version 3.2 and is assigned U+20B1 (₱).The symbol can be accessed through some word processors by typing in "20b1" and then pressing the Alt and X buttons simultaneously. This symbol is unique to the Philippines as the symbol used for the peso in countries like Mexico and other former colonies of Spain in Latin America is "$".

The <strong>złoty </strong>which is the masculine form of the Polish adjective 'golden', is the currency of <strong>Poland</strong>. The modern złoty is subdivided into 100 groszy. The recognised English form of the word is zloty, plural zloty or zlote. The currency sign, zł, is composed of the Polish lower-case letters z and ł .<br /><br />As a result of inflation in the early 1990s, the currency underwent redenomination. Thus, on 1 January 1995, 10,000 old złotych (PLZ) became one new złoty (PLN). Since then, the currency has been relatively stable, with an exchange rate fluctuating between 3 and 4 złoty for a United States dollar.<br /><br />The predecessors of the złoty were the Polish mark (grzywna) and a kopa. Grzywna was a currency that was equivalent to approximately 210 g of silver, in the 11th century. It was used until sometime in the 14th century, when it gave way to the Kraków grzywna (approximately 198 g of silver). At the same time, first as the complement to grzywna, and then as the main currency, came a grosz and a kopa. Poland made grosz as the imitation of the Prague groschen; the idea of kopa came from the Czechs as well. A grzywna was worth 48 groszy; a kopa cost 60 groszy.

The <strong>Euro</strong> is the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the <strong>European Union</strong>. This group of states is known as the<strong> eurozone</strong> or <strong>euro </strong><strong>area</strong>, and counts about 340 million citizens as of 2019. <strong>The Euro is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar.</strong><br /><br /><strong>The Euro is subdivided into 100 cents</strong>. The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999. The euro's creation had been a goal of the <strong>European Union</strong> (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. The Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (though Denmark has a policy of a fixed exchange rate with the euro).<br /><br />Banknotes of the euro, the currency of the euro area and institutions, have been in circulation since the first series was issued in 2002. They are issued by the national central banks of the Eurosystem or the <strong>European Central Bank</strong>. In 1999 the euro was introduced virtually,and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. The euro rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the European Union.

The<strong> Qatari riyal</strong> is the currency of the State of <strong>Qatar</strong>. It is divided into 100 dirhams and is abbreviated as either QR<br /><br />Until 1966,<strong> Qatar</strong> used the Indian rupee as currency, in the form of Gulf rupees. When India devalued the rupee in 1966, Qatar, along with the other states using the Gulf rupee, chose to introduce its own currency. Before doing so, Qatar briefly adopted the Saudi riyal, then introduced the Qatar and Dubai riyal which was the result of signing the Qatar-Dubai Currency Agreement on 21 March 1966. The Saudi riyal was worth 1.065 rupees, whilst the Qatar and Dubai riyal was equal to the rupee prior to its devaluation.<br /><br />On September 18, 1966, the Qatar & Dubai Currency Board introduced notes for 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 riyals. These were replaced on 19 May 1973 by notes of the Qatar Monetary Agency in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 100, and 500 riyals; a 50-riyal note was issued in 1976. The Qatar Central Bank was established by decree 15 on 5 August 1973. All coins and notes issued by the Qatar Monetary Agency became the property of the bank but continued to circulate for several years.

The <strong>Romanian leu</strong> is the currency of <strong>Romania</strong>. It is subdivided into 100 bani, a word that is also used for "money" in the Romanian language.<br /><br />The name of the currency means "lion", and is derived from the Dutch thaler (leeuwendaalder "lion thaler/dollar").The new leu is the fourth leu in a series of currencies brought about through revaluations since 1867. The current version was used alongside the previous leu from March 2005 until June 2006 during the conversion period. Throughout the leu's history, it has been pegged to the currencies of other nations, such as the German reichsmark, the American dollar and the Russian ruble.<br /><br /><strong>Romanian new lei</strong> come in coinage denominations of 1 ban, followed by 5, 10 and 50 bani. Banknotes for new lei go from 1 leu and up to 5, 10, 50, 100, 200 and 500 lei. The smallest bills in value have the smallest size in both width and length. The largest bill has the largest size.

The <strong>Russian ruble</strong> or rouble is the currency of the <strong>Russian Federation</strong>, the two partially recognised republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia and the two unrecognised republics of Donetsk and Luhansk. The ruble is subdivided into 100 kopeks.<br /><br />The ruble was the currency of the Russian Empire and of the Soviet Union. However, today only Russia, Belarus and Transnistria use currencies with the same name. The ruble was the world's first decimal currency: it was decimalised in 1704 when the ruble became equal to 100 kopeks.<br /><br />In 1992 the Soviet ruble (code: SUR) was replaced with the Russian ruble (code: RUR) at the rate 1 SUR = 1 RUR. In 1998 preceding the financial crisis, the Russian ruble was redenominated with the new code "RUB" and was exchanged at the rate of 1 RUB = 1,000 RUR.<br /><br />The ruble is the oldest national currency after the Pound sterling, and the world's first decimal currency. The ruble has been used in the Russian territories since the 13th century. The modern Russian ruble was created in December 1991 and used in parallel with the Soviet ruble, which remained in circulation until September 1993. All Soviet coins issued in 1961–1991, respectively, as well as 1-, 2- and 3-kopek coins, issued before 1961, formally remained legal tender until 31 December 1998, and in 1999–2001 they were exchanged for Russian rubles at the ratio of 1000:1.

The <strong>Rwandan franc</strong> is the currency of <strong>Rwanda</strong>. It is subdivided into 100 centimes.<br /><br />The franc became the currency of Rwanda in 1916, when Belgium occupied the previously German colony and the Belgian Congo franc replaced the German East African rupie. Rwanda used the currency of Belgian Congo until 1960, when the Rwanda and Burundi franc was introduced. Rwanda began issuing its own francs in 1964.<br /><br />A proposal exists to introduce a common currency, a new East African shilling, for the five member states of the East African Community. While originally scheduled to occur by the end of 2012, as of June 2016, a common currency had not been introduced.<br />

The United States dolla</strong>r is the official currency of the <strong>United States</strong> and its territories per the <strong>United States Constitution</strong> since 1792. In practice, the dollar is divided into <strong>100 smaller cent (¢) </strong>units, but is occasionally divided into <strong>1000 mills (₥)</strong> for accounting. <br /><br />The circulating paper money consists of <strong>Federal Reserve Notes</strong> that are denominated in United States dollars. The U.S. Constitution provides that Congress shall have the power to "borrow money on the credit of the United States". <br /><br />Congress has exercised that power by authorizing Federal Reserve Banks to issue Federal Reserve Notes. Those notes are "obligations of the United States" and "shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States, in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, or at any Federal Reserve bank".[54] Federal Reserve Notes are designated by law as "legal tender" for the payment of debts. Congress has also authorized the issuance of more than 10 other types of banknotes, including the United States Note and the Federal Reserve Bank Note.<br /><br />The Federal Reserve Note is the only type that remains in circulation since the 1970s. Currently printed denominations are $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100. Notes above the $100 denomination stopped being printed in 1946 and were officially withdrawn from circulation in 1969. These notes were used primarily in inter-bank transactions or by organized crime; it was the latter usage that prompted President Richard Nixon to issue an executive order in 1969 halting their use. With the advent of electronic banking, they became less necessary. <br /><br />Notes in denominations of $500, $1,000, $5,000, $10,000, and $100,000 were all produced at one time; see large denomination bills in U.S. currency for details. With the exception of the $100,000 bill (which was only issued as a Series 1934 Gold Certificate and was never publicly circulated; thus it is illegal to own), these notes are now collectors' items and are worth more than their face value to collectors. Though still predominantly green, post-2004 series incorporate other colors to better distinguish different denominations. <br /><br />As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note, except the $1 and the current version of the $100 bill. It also plans larger, higher-contrast numerals, more color differences, and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period.

The <strong>Saint Helena pound</strong> is the currency of the Atlantic islands of <strong>Saint Helena</strong> and Ascension, which are constituent parts of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. It is fixed at parity with the pound sterling and as such both currencies are commonly accepted and circulated. It is subdivided into 100 pence.<br /><br />Tristan da Cunha, the third part of the territory, officially adopted the Pound sterling. However, there are occasionally commemorative coins minted for the island.Initially, the British pound sterling circulated on Saint Helena, with the pound subdivided into 20 shillings, and each shilling into 12 pence.<br /><br />This was supplemented by occasional local issues of paper currencies. One coin, a copper halfpenny, was also struck specifically for use in the islands in 1821, which intermingled with British coinage. The notes were denominated in pounds and shillings and valued to the British pound at par.

The<strong> tālā </strong>is the currency of <strong>Samoa</strong>. It is divided into 100 sene. The terms tālā and sene are the equivalents or transliteration of the English words dollar and cent, in the Samoan language.<br /><br />The <strong>tālā </strong>was introduced on 10 July 1967, following the country's political independence from New Zealand in 1962. Until that time, Samoa had used the pound, with coins from New Zealand and its own banknotes. The tālā replaced the pound at a rate of 2 tālā = 1 pound, and was therefore equal to the New Zealand dollar. The tālā remained equal to the New Zealand dollar until 1975.<br /><br />The symbol WS$ is still used for the tālā, representing the country's previous name Western Samoa, used up to 1997, when the word Western was officially removed and the country became known as just Samoa. Therefore, the symbol SAT, ST and T appear to be in use as well.The Samoan currency is issued and regulated by the Central Bank of Samoa.

The <strong>Euro</strong> is the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the <strong>European Union</strong>. This group of states is known as the<strong> eurozone</strong> or <strong>euro </strong><strong>area</strong>, and counts about 340 million citizens as of 2019. <strong>The Euro is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar.</strong><br /><br /><strong>The Euro is subdivided into 100 cents</strong>. The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999. The euro's creation had been a goal of the <strong>European Union</strong> (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. The Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (though Denmark has a policy of a fixed exchange rate with the euro).<br /><br />Banknotes of the euro, the currency of the euro area and institutions, have been in circulation since the first series was issued in 2002. They are issued by the national central banks of the Eurosystem or the <strong>European Central Bank</strong>. In 1999 the euro was introduced virtually,and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. The euro rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the European Union.

The <strong>dobra</strong> is the currency of <strong>São Tomé and Príncipe</strong>. It is abbreviated <strong>Db</strong> and is divided into 100 cêntimos. The first dobra <strong>(STD</strong>) was introduced in 1977, replacing the escudo at par. Due to inflation, in 2018 the dobra was redenominated at a rate of 1000 to 1, and given the new ISO 4217 currency code STN.<br /><br /><strong>São Tomé and Príncipe</strong> signed a deal with Portugal in 2009, linking the dobra with the euro. The exchange rate was fixed at 1 EUR = 24,500 STD on 1 January 2010, which means that the new dobra is pegged to the euro at €1 = 24.5 STN / nDb.<br /><br />The name derives from Portuguese dóbra, meaning "doubloon.On August 25, 2017, the Central Bank of São Tomé and Príncipe (Banco Central de São Tomé e Príncipe) announced a redenomination of the dobra, in commemoration of the Central Bank's 25th anniversary, with 1 new dobra equal to 1,000 of the previous dobras. Six banknotes and five coins were issued on January 1, 2018. The old and new series of notes circulated concurrently until 30 June 2018, after which they are exchangeable or depositable in commercial banks until 31 December 2018 and at the Central Bank until 31 December 2019.

The <strong>Saudi riyal</strong> is the currency of<strong> Saudi Arabia</strong>. It is abbreviated as ر.س or <strong>SR</strong> (Saudi riyal). It is subdivided into 100 halalas.<br /><br />The riyal has been the currency of Saudi Arabia since the country came into being and was the currency of Hejaz before Saudi Arabia was created, one of the primary currencies in the Mediterranean region during the Ottoman era.<br /><br />The Hejaz riyal was based on but not equivalent to the Ottoman 20 kuruş coin and was consequently divided into 20 qirsh. However, although the Hejaz riyal was the same weight as the Ottoman 20 kuruş, it was minted in .917 fineness, compared to .830 fineness for the Ottoman coin. Thus, because the first Saudi riyal had the same specifications as the Hejaz riyal and circulated alongside Ottoman coins, it came to be worth 22 Ottoman kuruş and was consequently subdivided into 22 ghirsh when coins denominated in qirsh were issued from 1925. The system remained even though the riyal was subsequently debased to a coin equivalent, in silver content, to the Indian rupee in 1935.

"Banknotes of <strong>Scotland</strong> are the banknotes of the <strong>Pound Sterling</strong> that are issued by the <strong>Scottish banks</strong> and in circulation in Scotland. The issuing of banknotes by retail banks in Scotland is subject to the Bank Charter Act 1844, the Banknotes (Scotland) Act 1845, the Currency and Bank Notes Act 1928, and the Coinage Act 1971. Currently, three retail banks are allowed to print notes for circulation in Scotland: <strong>Bank of Scotland, Royal Bank of Scotland, and Clydesdale Bank.</strong><br /><br />Scottish banknotes are unusual, first because they are issued by retail banks, not central banks, and second, because they are technically not legal tender anywhere in the United Kingdom – not even in Scotland. As such, they are classified as promissory notes, and the law requires that the issuing banks hold a sum of Bank of England banknotes or gold equivalent to the total value of notes issued.<br /><br />The fact that the notes are not defined as legal tender means that they are not withdrawn from circulation in the same way as the Bank of England notes, which cease to be legal tender on a given date. Instead the Scottish banks withdraw old notes from circulation as they are banked. Any notes still in circulation continue to be honoured by banks, but retailers may refuse to accept older notes. "

The <strong>West African</strong> <strong>CFA franc</strong> is the currency of eight independent states in <strong>West Africa</strong>: Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, <strong>Senegal </strong>and Togo. These eight countries had a combined population of 105.7 million people in 2014, and a combined GDP of US$78.4 billion (as of 2012).<br /><br />The<strong> Central African CFA franc</strong> is of equal value to the West African CFA franc, and is in circulation in several central African states. They are both the CFA franc. When the CFA franc was introduced, notes issued by the Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique Occidentale in denominations of 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 1000 francs were in circulation.<br /><br />500-franc notes were added in 1946, followed by those of 5,000 francs in 1948. In 1955, the Institut d'Emission de l'A.O.F. et du Togo took over the production of paper money, issuing notes for 50, 100, 500 and 1000 francs.

<strong>RSD</strong> (<strong>Serbian Dinar</strong>) is the national currency for the <strong>Republic of Serbia</strong>. The Serbian dinar is divided into 100 paras, and is referred to with the symbol RSD or unofficially as the din. Also known as the post-Yugoslavia dinar, all of Serbia, except for Kosovo uses this currency.<br /><br />The first references to the dinar as the Serbian unit of currency are from 1214. Serbian rulers in the medieval period minted silver dinars, and there were many different varieties of not only the dinars but of all money in use. When the Ottomans conquered Serbia, various forms of Turkish currency came into use, including the para. The current subdivision of the dinar gets its name from this coin.<br /><br /><strong>Serbia</strong> first attempt at independence came in 1817, but the status did not last long. Also in 1817, the region saw the introduction of non-Turkish foreign currency. All of the various money types saw simultaneous use. The Serbian government-established exchange rates for these different currencies using the groat as the standard money of account. The term "groat" applies to any of the varied types of medieval European coins circulating between 1351 and 1662.

<strong>SCR</strong> is the abbreviation for the <strong>Seychelles rupee</strong>, the currency of the island nation of <strong>Seychelles</strong>, an archipelago of 115 landmasses in the Indian Ocean off the East Africa coastline. One rupee breaks down into 100 cents, which the Central Bank of Seychelles controls through its monetary policy. As of April 2016, 1 rupee is approximately 8 cents in American currency, or 13 rupees equate to $1.<br /><br />The small island nation first introduced Seychelles rupees (SCR) as the national currency in 1914 when it was still a British Colony. The country also accepted currency from its neighbor, the Mauritian rupee. The British Board of Commissioners of Currency continued to issue banknotes in 1918, 1928, and 1951.<br /><br /><strong>Seychelles</strong> gained independence in 1976, and the Seychelles Monetary Authority assumed the responsibilities of issuing money. By 1979, the Central Bank of Seychelles took full responsibility for monetary policy and the circulation of currency. Newer, more secure series of notes came in 1989, 1998, and 2011 with the 2011 issue using a holograph. The most recent series of Seychelles rupees (SCR) began in 2016 as the nation celebrated 40 years of independence.

The <strong>Sierra Leone Leone</strong> (<strong>SLL</strong>) is the national currency for the Republic of <strong>Sierra Leone</strong>, a country in West Africa. The Sierra Leone Leone subdivides into 100 cents and is often represented with the symbol Le, in the form Le100 for 100 leones. The Bank of Sierra Leone, established in 1964, issues and monitors the currency.<br /><br />The <strong>SLL</strong> replaced the British West African pound as the official currency of Sierra Leone in 1964, at an exchange rate of two leones to every one pound. By June of 1986, to correct persistent overvaluation, the country adopted a floating exchange rate regime.<br /><br />Banknotes circulate in 1000, 2000, 5000, and 10,000 leones and coins have 10, 50, 100, and 500 leone dominations. Foreign currencies can be exchanged at any of the commercial banks, recognized foreign exchange bureaus and most hotels. Sierra Leone suffers from high inflation due to civil war and economic struggles. As a result, the SLL has become continually weaker and is one of the world’s weakest currencies.

The symbol <strong>SGD</strong> is the currency abbreviation for the <strong>Singapore dollar</strong>, the currency of <strong>Singapore</strong>. The Singapore dollar is made up of 100 cents and is often presented with the symbol $ or S$ to set it apart from other dollar-based currencies. In Singapore, the dollar is also known as the "Sing."<br /><br />The <strong>SGD</strong> is a deliverable currency, with a spot rate of T+2.The Singapore dollar was first issued in 1965 after the breakdown of the monetary union between Malaysia and Brunei, but has remained interchangeable with the Brunei dollar in both countries. However, the exchange at par with the Malaysian ringgit ended in 1973.<br /><br />The value of the dollar was originally pegged to the British pound (GBP) at a rate of 60:7. In the early 1970s, this peg was moved to the U.S. dollar briefly before being pegged to a hidden basket of foreign currencies between 1973 and 1985. Since 1985, Singapore has allowed its dollar to float within an undisclosed range, which is monitored by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS).

The <strong>Euro </strong>is the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the <strong>European Union</strong>. This group of states is known as the <strong>eurozone </strong>or <strong>euro </strong><strong>area</strong>, and counts about 340 million citizens as of 2019. <strong>The Euro is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar</strong>. The euro is subdivided into <strong>100 cents</strong>. The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999. <br /><br />The euro's creation had been a goal of the <strong>European Union</strong> (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. The Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (though Denmark has a policy of a fixed exchange rate with the euro). <br /><br />Banknotes of the euro, the currency of the euro area and institutions, have been in circulation since the first series was issued in 2002. They are issued by the national central banks of the Eurosystem or the <strong>European Central Bank</strong>. In 1999 the euro was introduced virtually,and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. The euro rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the European Union.

The <strong>Euro </strong>is the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the <strong>European Union</strong>. This group of states is known as the <strong>eurozone </strong>or <strong>euro </strong><strong>area</strong>, and counts about 340 million citizens as of 2019. <strong>The Euro is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar</strong>. The euro is subdivided into <strong>100 cents</strong>. The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999. <br /><br />The euro's creation had been a goal of the <strong>European Union</strong> (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. The Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (though Denmark has a policy of a fixed exchange rate with the euro). <br /><br />Banknotes of the euro, the currency of the euro area and institutions, have been in circulation since the first series was issued in 2002. They are issued by the national central banks of the Eurosystem or the <strong>European Central Bank</strong>. In 1999 the euro was introduced virtually,and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. The euro rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the European Union.

The <strong>Solomon Islands dollar</strong> (ISO 4217 code: <strong>SBD</strong>) is the currency of <strong>Solomon Islands</strong> since 1977. Its symbol is "$", with "SI$" used to differentiate it from other currencies also using the dollar sign. It is subdivided into 100 cents.<br /><br />The SBD is the abbreviation of the Solomon Islands dollar, which is the currency that replaced the former currency of the Australian dollar (AUD) and the British pound in 1977. At the time, the exchange rate was dollar for dollar with the AUD, but over the five years that followed the creation of the SBD, inflation moved the two currencies away from one another.<br /><br />The SBD was made up of 100 cents, and was issued in denominations of 5,10, 20 and 50 cents. The banknote, or paper currency, was originally issued in denominations of 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 dollars. The SBD symbols are $ and SI$. These currencies are issued and redeemed by the Central Bank of the Solomon Islands..

<strong>SOS</strong> is the currency abbreviation or currency symbol for the<strong> Somali shilling</strong>, the currency for <strong>Somalia</strong>. The Somali shilling is issued and managed by the <strong>Central Bank of Somalia</strong>.<br /><br />Somalia is located in northeast Africa, and the SOS has been the official currency since 1921. Civil war and political unrest have led to wild fluctuations or volatility in the SOS exchange rate over its history.<br />The Somali shilling comes in denominations of banknotes that include 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, and 1,000 shillings as well as coins.<br /><br />From the 1880s until 1942, Italian Somalia was a colony under Italian control. Between 1950 and 1962, the somalo was used as its currency. Other parts of Somalia used the East African shilling. In 1962, the somalo and East African shilling were replaced at par by the Somali shilling. Although Somalia is an independent nation today, it has been under duress from war and civil unrest, particularly in the 1990s.

The symbol <strong>ZAR</strong> is the currency abbreviation for the <strong>South African rand</strong>, the currency for <strong>South Africa</strong>. The South African rand is made up of 100 cents and is often presented with the symbol R. The rand comes from the word "Witwatersrand" which means "white waters ridge". Johannesburg, the location of the majority of South Africa's gold deposits, is located on this ridge.<br /><br />The South African rand was first introduced in February 1961, just before the Republic of South Africa was established. The rand replaced the South African pound at a rate of 2 rand to 1 pound. Up until the early 1970s, the rand was worth around R1.5 per U.S. dollar. However, over the ensuing decades the rand has depreciated at a rapid rate, with substantial moves at the turn of the 21st century, and during the Great Recession.<br /><br />As the political landscape changed in the early 1990s, the uncertainty saw the rand slowly depreciate to record low levels. The fall was exasperated when in 2001 the land reforms began to kick off. Soon after, the September 11 attacks saw global uncertainty hit and the rand take another steep dive, falling to R13 per U.S. dollar.

The <strong>South Sudanese pound</strong> is the official currency of the <strong>Republic of South Sudan</strong>. It is subdivided into 100 piasters. It was approved by the Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly before secession on 9 July 2011 from Sudan. It was introduced on 18 July 2011, and replaced the Sudanese pound at par.The banknotes feature the image of John Garang de Mabior, the deceased leader of South Sudan's independence movement.<br /><br />Six different denominations (1, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 pounds) in the form of banknotes have been confirmed, and five denominations (1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 piasters) will be issued in the form of coins.Three new banknotes for 5, 10, and 25 piasters were issued 19 October 2011.<br /><br />The first circulation coins of the South Sudanese pound denominated in 10, 20, and 50 piasters were issued 9 July 2015, on occasion of the fourth anniversary of independence from Sudan.In 2016, the Bank of South Sudan issued a 20 South Sudanese pound banknote to replace the 25 South Sudanese pound banknote. In 2018, the Bank of South Sudan introduced a 500 South Sudanese pounds banknote to ease daily cash transactions following years of inflation.<br /><br />As part of a currency redesign to reduce confusion, a 1 Pound coin was released to replace the 1 Pound banknote, and a coin for 2 Pounds has also been released at the same time as the 1 Pound coin. The 10, 20 and 100 pound notes were all redesigned.In November 2016 the Governor of the <strong>Bank of South Sudan</strong> issued a statement dismissing as false reports claiming that the bank was printing new notes in denominations of 200, 500 and 1,000 pounds.

The <strong>Euro </strong>is the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the <strong>European Union</strong>. This group of states is known as the <strong>eurozone </strong>or <strong>euro </strong><strong>area</strong>, and counts about 340 million citizens as of 2019. <strong>The Euro is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar</strong>. The euro is subdivided into <strong>100 cents</strong>. The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999. <br /><br />The euro's creation had been a goal of the <strong>European Union</strong> (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. The Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (though Denmark has a policy of a fixed exchange rate with the euro). <br /><br />Banknotes of the euro, the currency of the euro area and institutions, have been in circulation since the first series was issued in 2002. They are issued by the national central banks of the Eurosystem or the <strong>European Central Bank</strong>. In 1999 the euro was introduced virtually,and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. The euro rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the European Union.

<strong>LKR</strong> is the currency symbol for the <strong>Sri Lankan rupee</strong>, the currency for the<strong> Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka</strong> (Ceylon prior to 1972), an island nation off the southern coast of India. The Sri Lankan rupee is made up of 100 cents and is often presented with the symbol Rp. or Rs., in the form Rp. 50 for 50 rupees.<br /><br />The rupee can also be presented with SLRp. or SLRs., rather than Rp. or Rs., to differentiate it from other currencies denominated in rupees.<br /><br />The Sri Lankan rupee was first established in 1869, replacing the British pound at an amount equal to the Indian rupee (1 rupee to 2 shillings, 3 pence), and was a decimal currency from 1871. As inflation devalues the currency, new banknotes are released (for example, in 2006 a 2000 rupee note was issued), and although older Sri Lankan (and Ceylon) banknotes and coins remain legal tender, older and smaller notes and coins are rarely seen in circulation.<br /><br />Notes and coins are distributed by the <strong>Central Bank of Sri Lanka</strong>, and in 2010, it celebrated the 60th anniversary of the central bank by issuing commemorative coins with a denomination of 5,000 rupees.The value of the rupee is correlated with its trade balance.

The <strong>Eastern Caribbean dollar </strong>is the currency of all seven full members and one associate member of the <strong>Organisation of</strong> <strong>Eastern Caribbean States</strong> (OECS). The successor to the British West Indies dollar, it has existed since 1965, and it is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $ or, alternatively, EC$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. The EC$ is subdivided into <strong>100 cents</strong>. It has been pegged to the United States dollar since 7 July 1976, and the exchange rate is US$1 = EC$2.70.<br /><br />In 1965, the <strong>Eastern Caribbean Currency Authority</strong> issued banknotes in denominations of 1, 5, 20 and 100 dollars, all featuring Pietro Annigoni’s 1956 portrait of Queen Elizabeth II in regalia of Order of the Garter.The first issues in the name of the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank in 1985 were of the same denominations, with the addition of 10-dollar notes. The last 1-dollar notes were issued in 1989 and 50-dollar notes were introduced in 1993.<br /><br />On 1 April 2008, the <strong>Eastern Caribbean Central Bank</strong> issued a new series of banknotes which are like the preceding issues, except for omitting both the barcode and the country code letters which form part of the serial number on current notes.<br /><br />In 2012, the <strong>Eastern Caribbean Central Bank</strong> issued a series of banknotes with Braille features in an effort to provide notes which are easier for blind and visually impaired persons to use. The raised Braille characters on the upgraded notes feature a cricket theme in the form of balls and stumps. These characters have been added to the 10-, 20-, 50-, and 100-dollar notes.

The <strong>Eastern Caribbean dollar </strong>is the currency of all seven full members and one associate member of the <strong>Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States</strong> (OECS). The successor to the British West Indies dollar, it has existed since 1965, and it is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $ or, alternatively, EC$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. The EC$ is subdivided into 100 cents. It has been pegged to the United States dollar since 7 July 1976, and the exchange rate is US$1 = EC$2.70.<br /><br />In 1965, the <strong>Eastern Caribbean Currency Authority</strong> issued banknotes in denominations of 1, 5, 20 and 100 dollars, all featuring Pietro Annigoni’s 1956 portrait of Queen Elizabeth II in regalia of Order of the Garter.The first issues in the name of the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank in 1985 were of the same denominations, with the addition of 10-dollar notes. The last 1-dollar notes were issued in 1989 and 50-dollar notes were introduced in 1993.<br /><br />On 1 April 2008, the <strong>Eastern Caribbean Central Bank</strong> issued a new series of banknotes which are like the preceding issues, except for omitting both the barcode and the country code letters which form part of the serial number on current notes.<br /><br />In 2012, the <strong>Eastern Caribbean Central Bank</strong> issued a series of banknotes with Braille features in an effort to provide notes which are easier for blind and visually impaired persons to use. The raised Braille characters on the upgraded notes feature a cricket theme in the form of balls and stumps. These characters have been added to the 10-, 20-, 50-, and 100-dollar notes.

The <strong>Eastern Caribbean dollar</strong> is the currency of all seven full members and one associate member of the <strong>Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States</strong> (OECS). The successor to the British West Indies dollar, it has existed since 1965, and it is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $ or, alternatively, EC$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. The EC$ is subdivided into 100 cents. It has been pegged to the United States dollar since 7 July 1976, and the exchange rate is US$1 = EC$2.70.<br /><br />In 1965, the <strong>Eastern Caribbean Currency Authority</strong> issued banknotes in denominations of 1, 5, 20 and 100 dollars, all featuring Pietro Annigoni’s 1956 portrait of Queen Elizabeth II in regalia of Order of the Garter.The first issues in the name of the <strong>Eastern Caribbean Central Bank</strong> in 1985 were of the same denominations, with the addition of 10-dollar notes. The last 1-dollar notes were issued in 1989 and 50-dollar notes were introduced in 1993.<br /><br />On 1 April 2008, the <strong>Eastern Caribbean Central Bank</strong> issued a new series of banknotes which are like the preceding issues, except for omitting both the barcode and the country code letters which form part of the serial number on current notes.<br /><br />In 2012, the <strong>Eastern Caribbean Central Bank</strong> issued a series of banknotes with Braille features in an effort to provide notes which are easier for blind and visually impaired persons to use. The raised Braille characters on the upgraded notes feature a cricket theme in the form of balls and stumps. These characters have been added to the 10-, 20-, 50-, and 100-dollar notes.

The <strong>Sudanese pound</strong> is the basic unit of the Sudanese currency. The pound consists of 100 piasters. The pound is issued by the <strong>Central Bank of Sudan</strong>. Its value is linked to gold and convertible into foreign currencies. There are no restrictions on money transfers to and from Sudan. The Sudanese pound is equivalent to $ 0.021. It has been pegged to the United States dollar since around 1984.<br /><br />The pound fell for the first time since 1997 after the United States imposed economic sanctions on Sudan. The Sudanese pound continued its decline to an unprecedented number, falling to 53 pounds against the dollar. This situation, which drained all economic measures, led to heavy losses in the external repercussions of the Sudan as a whole, in the light of the government cut, interrupted by some of the failed actions announced by the Central Bank of Sudan, a severe shortage of liquidity.<br /><br />The <strong>Sudanese pound</strong> fell against the US dollar after the Central Bank of Sudan announced the lifting of the cash reserve to counter inflation. Since the Secession of South Sudan in 2011, Sudan has suffered from a scarcity of foreign exchange for the loss of three quarters of its oil resources and 80% of foreign exchange resources. The Sudanese government quoted the official price of the dollar from 6.09 pounds to 18.07 pounds in the budget of 2018.

The <strong>Suriname dollar</strong> (<strong>SRD</strong>) is the ISO 4217 forex currency abbreviation for the Surinamese dollar, the currency for the South American country of <strong>Suriname</strong>.<br /><br />ISO codes are three-letter alphabetic representations of the various national currencies that exist worldwide. Together in pairs, they symbolize the cross rates used in foreign exchange currency trading.<br />The Surinamese dollar comprises 100 cents and is represented by the symbol $ or, more specifically, Sr$. The coins of Surinamese dollar are denominated in cents. The country's previous currency, the guilder, was also made up of 100 cents.<br /><br />The Surinam dollar was first introduced as the official currency of Suriname in January 2004, when it replaced the Suriname guilder at a rate of 1,000:1. The old coins continued to be used, but were simply designated to be worth a hundredth of a dollar, rather than a hundredth of a guilder. With the exchange rate of 1,000:1, coins became 1,000 times more valuable overnight.<br /><br />Coins representing one, five, 10, 25, 100 and even 250 cents were in circulation. In fact, for the first month or so of the new currency, only coins were available in circulation due to mechanical problems at the printer issuing new bank notes.

The <strong>Swaziland lilangeni</strong> (<strong>SZL</strong>) is the national currency of <strong>Swaziland</strong>, which as of April 2018, is officially known as the Kingdom of eSwatini. It is subdivided into 100 cents and issued by the Central Bank of Swaziland. Foreign exchange markets abbreviate the money as SZL. The SZL divides into 100 cents.<br /><br />The <strong>Monetary Authority of Swaziland</strong> introduced the lilangeni (SZL) to replace the South African Rand (ZAR) at par in 1974. The two currencies have remained pegged at par since replacement.<br /><br />The establishment of the Rand Monetary Area (RMA) in 1974 allowed Swaziland, Botswana, and Lesotho to issue currencies unique to their nations. Before the agreement, Swaziland participated in an informal arrangement among the same countries. Under the previous provision, only the South African currency circulated in the region. Through the agreement, the South African rand remained legal tender in all member nations and circulated alongside national money of the member nations. Botswana withdrew from the agreement in 1975.<br /><br />In 1986, following the substantial depreciation of the rand, the countries replaced the Rand Monetary Area with the Common Monetary Area (CMA) to manage monetary policy. The CMA and the Southern African Customs Union work together to help member nations. The terms of the new agreement provided Swaziland additional flexibility in its monetary policy.

<strong>SEK</strong> is the abbreviation for the <strong>Swedish krona</strong> which is the national currency of <strong>Sweden</strong>. It is among the top currencies currently trading in the world and accounts for about 2 percent of the Forex (FX) market.<br /><br />The krona, which means crown, has been Sweden's currency since 1873 and is also expressed by the symbol KR. It replaced the Swedish riksdaler. One krona comprises 100 öre. Sweden abandoned the öre coin, so prices are typically rounded up to the nearest krona. One of its nickname in Sweden is the spänn.<br /><br />The exchange rate of SEK depends heavily on the monetary policy of Sweden. The country's central bank is known as the <strong>Sveriges Riksbank</strong>, the world's third oldest bank, and oldest central bank. In 1992, Sweden implemented a floating exchange rate for SEK, and it has been allowed to float against other currencies since then, with the Sveriges Riksbank occasionally intervening to stabilize the krona.<br /><br /><strong>SEK</strong> was chosen as the code for the Swedish Krona in 1978 by the International Organization for Standardization, as part of its ISO 4217 list of currency designator codes. SEK has a strong currency correlation with the currencies of other Nordic countries, such as the Danish krone (DKK) and the Norwegian krone (NOK). While most countries in the European Union have adopted the Euro, Sweden, like Denmark and Norway, is one of a handful of EU member nations that have opted to maintain their legacy currencies.

<strong>CHF </strong>is the currency abbreviation for <strong>Switzerland's </strong>currency, the <strong>Swiss franc</strong>. The abbreviation "CHF" is derived from the Latin name of the country, "Confoederatio Helvetica," with the "F" standing for "franc." The Swiss franc was officially recognized as Switzerland's currency in May of 1850, when it replaced several currencies issued by the different cantons.<br /><br /><strong>Switzerland</strong> is comprised of 26 different cantons — or member states — and there are four official languages: German, French, Italian and Romansh. The Swiss franc is one of the few unifying characteristics of the country; it is also legal tender in the Principality of Liechtenstein. The Swiss Federal Constitution of 1848 specified that only the federal government would be permitted to issue money, and the franc was introduced two years later.<br /><br />There were a total of 72.255 trillion Swiss francs in circulation on average in 2016, according to the <strong>Swiss National Bank</strong>.<br /><br />The <strong>Swiss franc</strong> is actively traded in the foreign exchange spot and forward market. It's most active against the euro, but is also frequently traded against the U.S. dollar, Japanese yen and British pound. The low interest rate environment means that speculators frequently borrow in francs to invest in high yielding currencies and other assets around the world.

The<strong> Syrian pound</strong> or <strong>Syrian lira</strong> is the currency of <strong>Syria</strong> and is issued by the<strong> Central Bank of Syria</strong>. The pound is subdivided into 100 qirsh, although coins in qirsh are no longer issued.<br /><br />Before 1947, the word qirsh was spelled with the initial Arabic letter غ, after which the word began with ق. Until 1958, banknotes were issued with Arabic on the obverse and French on the reverse. After 1958, English has been used on the reverses, hence the three different names for this currency. Coins used both Arabic and French until independence, then only Arabic.<br /><br />The standard abbreviation for the Syrian pound is SYP. On 5 December 2005, the selling rate quoted by the Commercial Bank of Syria was 48.4 SYP to the US dollar. A rate of about 50 pounds to one dollar has been usual in the early 2000s, but the exchange rate is subject to fluctuations. Since the start of the civil war in 2011, the pound's exchange rate has deteriorated significantly, falling from 47 SYP for US$1 in March 2011 to 515 SYP for US$1 in July 2017.

The<strong> New Taiwan</strong> has been the currency in <strong>Taiwan</strong> since 1949, when it replaced the Old Taiwan dollar. In 2000, the <strong>Central Bank of the Republic of China</strong> (Taiwan) became the official issuer of the New Taiwan dollar.<br /><br />The New Taiwan dollar's ISO 4217 currency code and abbreviation is <strong>TWD</strong>. TWD is the legal currency for the Republic of China within Taiwan, Pescadores, Kinmnet and Matsu.<br /><br />It is made up of 10 jiao or further subdivided into 100 cents or fen. NT$ is the internationally recognized symbol for the New Taiwan dollar.<br /><br />The Qing dynasty of China effectively colonized and gained control of Taiwan between the late 1600s and the end of the 19th century, during which time, the Japanese repeatedly attempted to seize control of the island. When China ceded the island to Japan to end the first Sino-Japanese War in 1896, the Taiwan yen became the official currency of Taiwan. With the end of World War II and the defeat of the Japanese Empire in 1945, China regained control of Taiwan. The Republic of China (ROC) directed the Bank of Taiwan to begin issuing old Taiwan dollars as the official currency to replace the Japanese-backed yen at a ratio of 1 to 1.<br /><br />Despite being declared the official currency of Taiwan, the New Taiwan dollar was seldom used, and Taiwan had no currency of its own for several decades. A series of temporary emergency provisions in response to the Communist takeover of the mainland made the silver yuan the legal currency of Taiwan for many years. In 2000, the Central Bank of the Republic of China in Taiwan replaced the Bank of Taiwan as the issuer of the New Taiwan dollar, and it became the official currency of Taiwan. Bank notes that were issued by the Bank of Taiwan were gradually removed from circulation.

The <strong>somoni</strong> (Tajik: cомонӣ, ISO 4217 code: TJS) is the currency of <strong>Tajikistan</strong>. It is subdivided into 100 diram. The currency is named after the father of the Tajik nation, Ismail Samani (also spelled Ismoil Somoni).<br /><br />The somoni was introduced on 30 October 2000; it replaced the Tajikistani ruble, at the rate of 1 somoni = 1000 rubles.<br /><br />The currency is divided into 100 diram for one somoni. Diram banknotes were first introduced on 30 October 2000 to start the currency off and coins were introduced later in 2001 with the intention of creating a more efficient monetary system and gradually replacing the diram notes. This was also the first time circulating coins were introduced in Tajikistan.

The T<strong>anzanian Shilling</strong> (<strong>TZS</strong>) is the official currency for<strong> United Republic of Tanzania</strong> located in eastern Africa. Circulation of the TZS is by the Central Bank of Tanzania or in Swahili, the Benki Kuu Ya Tanzania. The Tanzanian shilling is made up of 100 senti, Swahili for cents.<br /><br />Initially, the Tanzanian shilling circulated in denominations of 5, 20 and 50 senti, as well as 1 shilling. The 5-senti coin is bronze, the 20-senti is nickel-brass, and the half-shilling and one-shilling coins are cupro-nickel. Currently, the Tanzanian shilling circulates in both coin and banknote form. Coins have denominations of 50, 100, 200 and 500 shilingi. The current series of coins are all made from brass, except for the 500 shilling, which is nickel-plated steel.<br /><br />Banknotes currently in circulation have 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 and 10,000 shilingi denomination.<br /><br />In the Zanzibar region, the official currency was the Zanzibari ryal, which was in use until 1908. In 1908, the Zanzibari rupee replaced the ryal, with one ryal equaling two rupees, with final redemption coming in January 1936. Alongside the Zanzibari currencies, the East African rupee was also in use in Tanzania. The East African rupee was a form of money used across all British East Africa colonies and protectorates. It was used in Tanzania between 1906 and 1921 when it was replaced with the East African florin. The florin was itself replaced in 1921 by the East African Shilling. Five years after independence in 1961, the Tanzanian shilling replaced the East African shilling as the nation’s official currency.

<strong>THB</strong> is the currency abbreviation for the <strong>Thai baht</strong>, the currency for the <strong>Kingdom of Thailand</strong>. The Thai baht is made up of 100 satangs and is denoted by the symbol ฿. Thailand’s central bank, the Bank of Thailand, manages the currency and issues it in banknote denominations of ฿20, ฿50, ฿100, ฿500 and ฿1000. Coins have denominations of 25 satangs, 50 satangs, ฿1, ฿2, ฿5 and ฿10.<br /><br />Thai Baht (THB) has been used to refer to money in Thailand for centuries. However, the modern incarnation of the currency came about in the early 20th century, following the reforms of Chulalongkorn. Chulalongkorn is also known as King Rama V and reigned from 1868 to 1910. King Rama V introduced decimalization of the Thai Baht, which at the time was known as the Thai Tical by westerners.<br /><br />Prince Wiwat first chaired the <strong>Bank of Thailand</strong>, founded in Bangkok in 1942. Prince Wiwat had a western education in finance from Cambridge University and Ecole des Sciences Politiques in Paris.<br /><br />The Thai Baht became the focus of economic observers in 1997 when Thailand was the epicenter of the Asian financial crisis. It began after the Bank of Thailand was forced to abandon the Thai Baht pegging to the U.S. dollar (USD). This un-pegging caused the currency to collapse and instigated a wave of bankruptcies among Thai businesses who borrowed in dollars, but who earned revenues in Baht.

The <strong>United States dollar</strong> is the official currency of the<strong> United States </strong>and its territories per the <strong>United States Constitution</strong> since 1792. In practice, the dollar is divided into 100 smaller cent (¢) units, but is occasionally divided into 1000 mills (₥) for accounting.<br /><br />The circulating paper money consists of <strong>Federal Reserve Notes</strong> that are denominated in <strong>United States dollars</strong>. The <strong>U.S. Constitution</strong> provides that Congress shall have the power to "borrow money on the credit of the United States".<br /><br />Congress has exercised that power by authorizing <strong>Federal Reserve Banks</strong> to issue <strong>Federal Reserve Notes</strong>. Those notes are "obligations of the United States" and "shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States, in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, or at any Federal Reserve bank". Federal Reserve Notes are designated by law as "legal tender" for the payment of debts. Congress has also authorized the issuance of more than 10 other types of banknotes, including the United States Note and the Federal Reserve Bank Note.<br /><br />The <strong>Federal Reserve Note</strong> is the only type that remains in circulation since the 1970s. Currently printed denominations are $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100. Notes above the $100 denomination stopped being printed in 1946 and were officially withdrawn from circulation in 1969. These notes were used primarily in inter-bank transactions or by organized crime; it was the latter usage that prompted President Richard Nixon to issue an executive order in 1969 halting their use. With the advent of electronic banking, they became less necessary.<br /><br />Notes in denominations of $500, $1,000, $5,000, $10,000, and $100,000 were all produced at one time; see large denomination bills in U.S. currency for details. With the exception of the $100,000 bill (which was only issued as a Series 1934 Gold Certificate and was never publicly circulated; thus it is illegal to own), these notes are now collectors' items and are worth more than their face value to collectors. Though still predominantly green, post-2004 series incorporate other colors to better distinguish different denominations.<br /><br />As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note, except the $1 and the current version of the $100 bill. It also plans larger, higher-contrast numerals, more color differences, and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period.

The <strong>West African CFA franc</strong> is the currency of eight independent states in <strong>West Africa</strong>: Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal and <strong>Togo</strong>. These eight countries had a combined population of 105.7 million people in 2014, and a combined GDP of US$78.4 billion (as of 2012).<br /><br />The <strong>Central African CFA franc</strong> is of equal value to the West African CFA franc, and is in circulation in several central African states. They are both the CFA franc. When the CFA franc was introduced, notes issued by the <strong>Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique Occidentale</strong> in denominations of 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 1000 francs were in circulation.<br /><br />500-franc notes were added in 1946, followed by those of 5,000 francs in 1948. In 1955, the <strong>Institut d'Emission de l'A.O.F. et du Togo</strong> took over the production of paper money, issuing notes for 50, 100, 500 and 1000 francs.

The <strong>New Zealand dollar</strong> (<strong>NZD</strong>) is the currency of <strong>New Zealand</strong>. NZD is made up of 100 cents and is often represented by the symbol $ or NZ$ to set it apart from other currencies based in dollars. The money also sees use in the Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau, and the Pitcairn Islands. The New Zealand Dollar is often commonly referred to as a kiwi because of the national bird found stamped on the one-dollar coin.<br /><br />New Zealand currency has had a long history of over 160 years. In fact, during the 1800s, New Zealand used their coins and bank notes before British currency was even legal currency. However, nothing was made official until 1933, when New Zealand issued their first official coins, based on the British pound, shilling, and pence. The first coins had pictures of the native birds of New Zealand on the “tails” side, a tradition that has continued, with the British monarch on the head side.<br /><br />In 1934, with the establishment of the <strong>Reserve Bank of New Zealand</strong>, it became the only supplier of banknotes. The original notes had a variety of designs, including that of a kiwi, the nation’s Coat of Arms, Maori King Tawhiao and Fiordland's Mitre Peak. It took another thirty years before the Reserve Bank replaced the currency of pounds, shillings, and pence with actual dollars and cents. In the year 1967 alone, the Bank printed 27 million new banknotes and 165 million new coins.<br /><br />The NZD currency has a long history of colorful and vibrant money and since first issuing, has changed its printed design several times. In 1992, the images of Queen Elizabeth on all of the banknotes altered to reflect prominent citizens of New Zealand such as Zealanders Edmund Hillary, Kate Sheppard, Apirana Ngata and Ernest Rutherford, along with local birds and plants on the backs of the notes. In 2016, the currency had its most recent update, with even more bright colors and updated security features.

The <strong>paʻanga </strong>is the currency of <strong>Tonga</strong>. It is controlled by the <strong>National Reserve Bank of Tonga</strong> in Nukuʻalofa. The paʻanga is not convertible and is pegged to a basket of currencies comprising the Australian, New Zealand, United States dollars and the Japanese yen.<br /><br />The paʻanga is subdivided into 100 seniti. The ISO code is TOP, and the usual abbreviation is T$ (¢ for seniti). In Tonga the paʻanga is often referred to in English as the dollar, the seniti as the cent and the hau as the union. There is also the unit of hau (1 hau = 100 paʻanga), but this is not used in everyday life and can only be found on commemorative coins of higher denominations.<br /><br />The <strong>paʻanga </strong>was introduced on 3 April 1967. It replaced the pound at a rate of 1 pound = 2 paʻanga. Until 11 February 1991, the pa'anga was pegged to the Australian dollar at par. Since that time, a basket of currencies is taken and the paʻanga has continuously declined. As in 2006, one needs about T$1.60 to get 1 Australian dollar. Official exchange rates are released daily by the National Reserve Bank, established 1 July 1989, but rather towards the end of the day than early in the morning.

The<strong> Trinidad and Tobago dollar</strong> (<strong>TTD</strong>) is the national currency for Trinidad and Tobago. The <strong>Republic of Trinidad and Tobago dollar</strong> is made up of 100 cents and is often presented with the symbol TT$ to differentiate it from other currencies that also use denominations of dollars.<br /><br />Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TTD), first introduced in 1964, replaced the use of British West Indies dollar (BWI). Before this time, Trinidad and Tobago circulated the currency of the colonial ruling powers. The two island nation lay in the Caribbean and has a long history of colonial rule. Trinidad was a Spanish colony from the arrival of Columbus and later came under British command. Its companion island, Tobago saw colonial rule by the Spanish, British, French, Dutch and the Duchy of Courland. Finally, in 1802, both islands came under British colonial rule. The two nations remained British colonies until their independence in 1962 and the formation of the Republic in 1976.<br /><br />In 1873, a crisis in the availability of silver forced the demonetization of these previous coins as legal tender in favor of only the British currency. The 1898 issue of the Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TTD) saw its use alongside Great Britain’s pound sterling (GBP) at an exchange rate of one TTD equaling 1 shillings and 2 pence. From 1935 to 1950, the Trinidad and Tobago dollar carried the same value as the British West Indies dollar, and in 1951 the British West Indies dollar (BWI) replaced the British coins.<br /><br />They added coins in 1955 when the dollar decimalized. Trinidad and Tobago reintroduced its dollar in 1964, replacing the British West Indies dollar, while the successor to the British West Indies dollar is widely considered to be the Eastern Caribbean Dollar. In 1964 the Trinidad and Tobago withdrew from the British West Indies currency union and adopted the dollar in use today. The <strong>British Caribbean Currency Board </strong>oversaw the currency, which serviced British Guyana and the Eastern Caribbean territories of the British West Indies.

<strong>TND</strong> (<strong>Tunisian Dinar</strong>) is the national currency for the <strong>Republic of Tunisia</strong>, a country located on the Mediterranean coast of Northern Africa. The Tunisian dinar is made up of 1,000 milim. The term comes from the Roman silver coin which found use in the area in 211 B.C.<br /><br />The symbol DT denotes the currency in written form, such as 100 DT. The country was governed for many years by France where the currency is known as Dinar Tunisien and where the written symbol originates.<br /><br />The Tunisian dinar (TND) replaced the French franc at a rate of 1,000:1 in 1960. As the franc fell in value, this initial exchange rate saw replacement with a U.S. dollar peg until 1971. Today, the Central Bank of Tunisia uses a crawling peg to set its exchange rate.<br /><br />The country sought independence from France in 1956 and had full freedom by July 1957. The successions of governments were uneventful until the 2011 Tunisian Revolution. Charging government corruption, and citing evidence of high unemployment and inflation, a civil resistance campaign ousted the ruling party and began the season which would become known as the Arab Spring. New elections and the seating of a new government came in 2014.

TRY</strong> is the abbreviation for the <strong>Turkish currency</strong>, <strong>the new lira</strong>, which is now in the second issue period. This currency sees use in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus as well as in Turkey. The Turkish new lira breaks into 100 new kurus coins, and the lira will often have the symbol YTL shown. First introduced in early 2005, the Turkish new lira is equivalent to 1-million of the old Turkish lira. During revaluation in 2005, a law removed the last six zeros from the value of the currency. The TRY printed its ninth issue in 2009.<br /><br />The first currency of the <strong>Republic of Turkey</strong> came out in December 1927. Shortly after that, the legislature approved the creation of a national bank to oversee currency production. The first issue of banknotes had Arabic script letters. In 1937, the script changed to the Latinized alphabet. The six-zero banknotes came into circulation beginning in 1979. Their use continued until 2002. Following this issue, the Turkish new lira went into circulation. The highest bills created by the Turkish government included denominations of 1 million, 5 million, 10 million and 20 million lire. After the change to Turkish new lira and revaluation, six of the zeros dropped from the newer currency.<br /><br />Every Turkish <strong>TRY</strong> banknote has a portrait of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the first president of the Republic of Turkey, on the front. The back of each bill shows another significant figure in Turkish history. Back images include architect Mimar Kemaleddin on the 20 lira note, musician Buhurizade Mustafa Efendi on the 100 lira bill, and poet Yunus Emre on the 200 lira note. Colors of the Turkish new lira include violet, blue, red, orange and green. The General Directorate of Banknote Printing Plant, in operation since 1958, creates Turkey's currency.

The <strong>manat</strong> is the currency of <strong>Turkmenistan</strong>. It was introduced on 1 November 1993, replacing the Russian ruble at a rate of 1 manat = 500 rubles. The ISO 4217 code was <strong>TMM</strong>, and the manat was subdivided into 100 tenge.<br /><br />On January 1, 2009, the new manat was introduced with ISO 4217 code TMT at the rate of 5000 old manat to 1 new manat.<br /><br /><strong>Turkmenistan</strong> is a country located in Central Asia. Bordered by Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Iran and the Caspian Sea, Turkmenistan is largely a desert climate. A large portion of the country is wholly uninhabitable by plants and animals. The country is governed by a president and is considered a republic with one legislative house. The official language is Turkemen, and it is one of six independent Turkick states.<br /><br />After the fall of the Soviet Union, Turkmenistan set out to create a new constitution, which was written into law in 1992. After the first president of Turkmenistan refused to follow the new rules as they were laid out in the constitution, the country experienced a brief deviation from the laws it had adopted. In 2006, after the death of the first president, the newly elected Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov helped to rewrite the constitution once more. Amendments were made to the document again in 2016.

The <strong>dollar</strong> is the currency of <strong>Tuvalu</strong>. From 1966 to 1976, Tuvalu officially used the Australian dollar. In 1976, Tuvalu began issuing its own coins for circulation, although these circulate alongside Australian coins and Tuvalu continues to use Australian banknotes. Similar to the Faroese króna's relationship to the Danish krone and the Panamanian balboa's relationship to the United States dollar, the Tuvaluan dollar is not an independent currency, but a variation of the Australian dollar. The official international currency code is <strong>TVD</strong>.<br /><br />Other currencies used in Tuvalu have been the Pound Sterling, prior to the introduction of the Australian dollar, as well as the US dollar, during the World War II American occupation of the islands. Gilbert and Ellice Islands banknotes have also been used on in Tuvalu.<br /><br />In 1942, Local banknotes were issued by the colonial government of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands in denominations of 1, 2, 5, and 10 shillings and 1 Pound with equivalent value to the Australian Pound.<br /><br />Since 1966, the official currency of Tuvalu is the Australian dollar, with Australian banknotes having been in use prior to and after independence. 1, 2, 5, and 10 dollar notes were originally the only denominations sent, but higher denominations have since come into use. However, after independence was achieved, the $1 note was withdrawn from circulation to encourage use of the dollar coin.

Ukraine Hryvnia</strong> (<strong>UAH</strong>) is at times written as hryvnya and is the national currency for <strong>Ukraine</strong> except for Crimea. The hryvnia comprises 100 kopiykas, the plural of kopiyka, represented with a symbol based on the cursive Ukrainian letter He, which looks like a backward S, with double horizontal middle strokes. The double strokes are seen on other currencies such as the euro and the yen because they symbolize stability. The money derives its name from a unit of weight used in the Slavic region during medieval times.<br /><br />In 1996, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Ukraine Hryvnia (UAH) became the national currency of Ukraine, except in the region of Crimea which uses the rouble. An earlier currency called by the same name circulated in the region in 1917 after the area had declared its independence from the Russian Tsarists Empire. Between 1917 and 1920 karbovanets banknotes circulated in the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR). The karbovanets, printed on ordinary paper, were easily counterfeited. During the occupation of the region through the two World Wars, a series of banknotes saw use until the second and third issues of a more secure karbovanets.<br /><br />In 1996, the hryvnia replaced the karbovanets at a rate of 100,000 karbovanets to one hryvnia. The hyperinflation that occurred in the 1990s as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union caused massive devaluation of the older banknotes. Initially, the currency was introduced at an exchange rate with the U.S. dollar of 1.76 Ukrainian hryvnias to one U.S. dollar (USD).

The <strong>AED</strong> (<strong>United Arab Emirates Dirham</strong>) is the currency abbreviation for the United Arab Emirates dirham, the official currency of <strong>Dubai</strong> and <strong>other Emirates</strong>. It is often presented with the symbol <strong>Dhs</strong> or <strong>DH</strong>. The United Arab Emirates Dirham has been used since 1973, when it replaced several currencies, such as the Dubai riyal and the Qatar riyal.<br /><br />The United Arab Emirates dirham is made up of 100 fuloos, which is plural for fils. A fils is also the sub-unit for the Kuwaiti dinars, Iraqi dinars, Bahraini dinars and the Yemeni rial. The dirham is available in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1,000. The 1 dirham unit exists in coin form only.<br /><br />The <strong>Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates</strong> issues the country's banknotes. To combat counterfeiting, a watermark of the national emblem appears on the obverse of each note. The emblem is the Hawk of Quraish, a golden falcon with a disk surrounded by seven stars in its center and seven feathers to represent each of the Emirates.<br /><br />The UAE experienced an annual inflation rate of 3.7% in 2015, a substantial increase over the 2014 rate of 2.3%. Despite concerns over inflation, investors consider the UAE dirham as among the world’s most stable currencies in terms of exchange rate stability. It has been pegged to the United States dollar since 1973, and since 1997 it has been set at a rate of 1 U.S dollar to 3.6725 AED. The World Competitiveness Centre of the International Institute for Management Development (IMD), based in Switzerland, ranks the UAE dirham as the 24th most stable currency in the world, above the currencies of many major European countries.

GBP</strong> is the abbreviation for the <strong>British pound sterling</strong>, the official currency of the <strong>United Kingdom</strong>, the British Overseas Territories of South Georgia, the South Sandwich Islands and British Antarctic Territory and the U.K. crown dependencies: the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The African country of Zimbabwe also uses the pound. The British pound is pegged to the Falkland Islands pound, Gibraltar pound, Saint Helenian pound, Jersey pound (JEP), Guernsey pound (GGP), Manx pounds, Scotland notes and Northern Ireland notes.<br /><br />The <strong>British pound</strong> became the official currency of the <strong>United Kingdom</strong> when England and Scotland united to form a single country in 1707. However, the British pound was first created as a form of money in the year 760. The British pound is the oldest currency in the world that is still used as legal tender.<br /><br />In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many countries enacted measures to tie the value of their currencies to the price of gold. The gold standard allowed a uniform way to determine value between world currencies. Prior to World War I, the United Kingdom used the gold standard to peg the value of the British pound. At the outbreak of World War I, the country abandoned the gold standard, then reinstated it in 1925 but abandoned it again during the Great Depression.<br /><br />In 1971, the <strong>United Kingdom</strong> let the British pound float freely against other currencies. This decision allowed market forces rather than artificial pegs to determine the value of the currency. In 1990, the U.K. considered tying the value of the British pound to the deutsche mark but abandoned this idea shortly thereafter.

The <strong>United States dollar i</strong>s the official currency of the <strong>United States</strong> and its territories per the <strong>United States Constitution </strong>since 1792. In practice, the dollar is divided into <strong>100 smaller cent (</strong>¢) units, but is occasionally divided into 1000 mills (₥) for accounting. The circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U.S. Constitution provides that Congress shall have the power to "borrow money on the credit of the United States". Congress has exercised that power by authorizing <strong>Federal Reserve Banks</strong> to issue <strong>Federal Reserve Notes</strong>.<br /><br />Those notes are "<strong>obligations of the United States</strong>" and "shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States, in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, or at any Federal Reserve bank".[54] Federal Reserve Notes are designated by law as "legal tender" for the payment of debts. Congress has also authorized the issuance of more than 10 other types of banknotes, including the United States Note and the Federal Reserve Bank Note.<br /><br />The <strong>Federal Reserve Note</strong> is the only type that remains in circulation since the 1970s. Currently printed denominations are $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100. Notes above the $100 denomination stopped being printed in 1946 and were officially withdrawn from circulation in 1969. These notes were used primarily in inter-bank transactions or by organized crime; it was the latter usage that prompted President Richard Nixon to issue an executive order in 1969 halting their use. With the advent of electronic banking, they became less necessary. Notes in denominations of $500, $1,000, $5,000, $10,000, and $100,000 were all produced at one time; see large denomination bills in U.S. currency for details. With the exception of the $100,000 bill (which was only issued as a Series 1934 Gold Certificate and was never publicly circulated; thus it is illegal to own), these notes are now collectors' items and are worth more than their face value to collectors. Though still predominantly green, post-2004 series incorporate other colors to better distinguish different denominations. As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note, except the $1 and the current version of the $100 bill. It also plans larger, higher-contrast numerals, more color differences, and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period.

The <strong>UYU</strong> (<strong>Uruguayan Peso</strong>) is the national currency of the <strong>Oriental Republic of Uruguay</strong>, named such since 1896, while the current version of the peso has been in circulation since 1993. Each banknote denomination features the portrait of a prominent Uruguayan, including poet Juan Zorilla de San Martin and the priest/scientist Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga. Landmarks such as the National Library and the Varela Monument are on the reverse. Each note has a watermark portrait of the revolutionary leader, José Gervasio Artigas, often referred to as the Father of Uruguay.<br /><br />The <strong>Uruguayan peso </strong>(UYU) began circulation in 1993, but the term peso to indicate money exists since 1896, after the country achieved monetary stability by adopting the gold standard. Indeed, the term peso can trace back to Spanish colonial rule. Stability from the change to the gold standard continued until inflation set in following World War II. The rise in prices persisted and forced the national government to introduce a new version of the peso, el nuevo peso, at an exchange rate of one new peso to 1000 of the old.<br /><br />In 1994, the government introduced coins in denominations of 10, 20 and 50 centésimos. Over the following two years, circulation of banknotes ranging from 20 to 2000 pesos began.

The <strong>soʻm</strong> is the currency of <strong>Uzbekistan</strong> in Central Asia.<br /><br />In the Soviet Union, speakers of Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Uzbek called the ruble the som, and this name appeared written on the back of banknotes, among the texts for the value of the bill in all 15 official languages of the Union. The word <strong>som</strong> (sometimes transliterated "sum" or "soum") means "pure" in Kyrgyz, Uyghur and Uzbek, as well as in many other Turkic languages. The word implies "pure gold".<br /><br />Like other republics of the former Soviet Union, <strong>Uzbekistan</strong> continued using the Soviet/Russian ruble after independence. On 26 July 1993, a new series of Russian ruble was issued and the old Soviet/Russian ruble ceased to be legal tender in Russia. Some successor states had their national currencies before the change, some chose to continue using the pre-1993 Soviet/Russian ruble, and some chose to use both the pre-1993 and the new Russian ruble. Tables of modern monetary history: Asia implies that both old and new rubles were used in Uzbekistan.<br /><br />Uzbekistan replaced the ruble with soʻm at par in on November 15, 1993. No subdivisions of this som were issued and only banknotes were produced, in denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 5000, and 10,000 soʻm. Because it was meant to be a transitional currency, the design was rather simplistic. All notes had the Coat of arms on obverse, and Sher-Dor Madrasah of the Registan in Samarkand on reverse.

The <strong>vatu</strong> (sign: VT; ISO 4217: <strong>VUV</strong>) is the currency of <strong>Vanuatu</strong>.<br /><br /><strong>Vanuatu</strong>, also known as the<strong> Republic of Vanuatu</strong>, is an island chain located in the Pacific Ocean. The country consists of 13 main islands with many smaller outcropping islands. The country is ruled by a president and a prime minister. The official languages spoken in Vanuatu are Bislama, French and English, however there are more than 100 Melanesian languages spoken in the region. The country gained independence in 1980 from the Anglo-French New Hebrides. The islands are prone to earthquakes and home to more than one active volcano.<br /><br />The economy relies largely on exports. Beef and timber are among the most frequently exported items from the country. Neighboring New Zealand and Australia are among the largest export destinations. Vanuatu is emerging as a tourist destination. The infrastructure between islands and headed from the coast inland is limited, making some areas harder to reach than others.<br /><br />The island chain played a significant role in World War II. Like many of the islands in the Pacific Ocean, they saw troop movement from both sides. The islands were home to an Allied troop base at one point, and during this time a significant portion of land was purchased by visiting troops. After the war ended it was estimated that more than one-third of the land in the country was owned by foreigners.

The <strong>VEB</strong> was the currency abbreviation for <strong>Venezuelan bolivar</strong>, which was the country's currency between 1879 and January 2008. The currency now in use is the bolivar fuerte (VEF), which translates "strong bolivar" in English. Some of the nicknames for Venezuelan bolivar currency are the bolo or the luca.<br /><br />VEF is now used as the Venezuelan currency code, but the use of the Bs symbol remains the same.<br /><br />The <strong>Venezuelan bolivar</strong> (VEB) was made up of 100 céntimos. This currency initially drew its basis from the silver standard where one bolivar equated to 4.5 grams or 0.1575 ounces of fine silver. The money remained valued on the silver standard until the gold standard came into operation in 1910. In 1934, the bolivar became fixed to the U.S. dollar at a rate of 3.914 bolivar to 1 U.S. dollar.<br /><br />The currency remained very stable compared to others in the region until the 1970s, when rampant inflation began to erode its value and forced the change to the new bolivar fuerte (VEF) currency.

VND</strong> (<strong>Vietnamese Dong</strong>) is the currency abbreviation and full name, Vietnamese dông, the currency for <strong>Vietnam</strong>.<br /><br />The <strong>Vietnamese dông</strong> was created in 1946, when the Viet Minh government, which later became the government of North Vietnam, introduced the currency, replacing the French Indochinese piastre. The State of Vietnam, which would later become South Vietnam, issued their own dông in 1953, and their banknotes listed the price in both dông and piastres, reflecting its recent transition. After the fall of Saigon in the mid-1970s, South Vietnam issued the liberation dông. With Vietnam being reunified in the late 1970s, they also reunified the dông.<br /><br />Vietnamese coinage includes denominations of 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 dôngs. These coins are no longer minted or in active use, yet they are still legal tender. Currently, most banknotes commonly found in circulation are 1,000, 2,000, 5,000, 10,000, 20,000, 50,000, 100,000, 200,000 and 500,000 dông.<br /><br />The Vietnamese dông, issued by The <strong>State Bank of Vietnam</strong>, has been marked by chronic inflation. It is one of the poorest currencies worldwide according to the global currency market; in 2018, one U.S. dollar equaled 22,770 Vietnamese dông.

XPF</strong> (CFP Franc) is the currency used by the four French overseas collectivities which include French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis, and Futuna. Each franc can subdivide into centimes.<br /><br />After the economic turmoil of the Second World War, France, and other nations ratified the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1945. The Agreement forced the devaluation of many currencies including the French franc. The document also stipulated the pegging of the French franc to the US dollar (USD). To spare the French colonies from the impact of the massive devaluation, France created the two new currencies, the West African and the CFA Franc (XPF).<br /><br />At first, there were three distinct forms of the currency for French Polynesia, New Caledonia, and the New Hebrides respectively, with <strong>Wallis and Futuna</strong> using the New Caledonian franc. Now all banknotes are identical, with one side exhibiting landscapes or historical figures of French Polynesia and the other side landscapes or historical figures of New Caledonia.<br /><br />There are still two sets of coins, however. From New Caledonia to French Polynesia one side of the coins remains the same while the reverse side will vary. , appearing with either the name Nouvelle-Calédonie.

The <strong>Yemeni Rial</strong> (YER) is<strong> Yemen</strong>’s official currency.<br /><br />The <strong>Yemeni Rial</strong> (YER) is technically divided into 100 fils, but the government has not minted fil coins since 1990 and they have largely fallen out of use. The <strong>Central Bank of Yemen</strong> oversees issuance of the currency as part of its mandate to implement monetary policy in the country.<br /><br />Although the Central Bank of Yemen formed in 1971, its current iteration dates from 1990 when North and South Yemen reunified in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union. At that point, the Central Bank of Yemen merged with the Bank of Yemen, managed by a board of directors and headquartered in Sanaa. After unification, the country accepted the South Yemeni dinar as legal currency until 1996 at an exchange rate of 26 dinar to 1 rial.<br /><br />The <strong>Central Bank of Yemen</strong> undertook a liberalization program starting in early 1995, allowing unrestricted exchange of foreign currencies both within the country and abroad. The Yemeni rial’s exchange rate has also floated freely since 1996.

The <strong>Kwacha</strong> (ISO 4217 code: <strong>ZMW</strong>) is the currency of <strong>Zambia</strong>. It is subdivided into 100 Ngwee.<br /><br />The name '<strong>Kwacha</strong>' derives from the Nyanja, Bemba, and Tonga language word for "dawn", alluding to the Zambian nationalist slogan of a "new dawn of freedom". The name ngwee translates as "bright" in the Nyanja language.<br /><br />The <strong>Zambian kwacha</strong> is legal tender in Zambia, the majority producer of copper on the Africa continent. Due to its copper production, the country’s economy and the value of its currency have historically experienced volatility based upon shifts in the commodity on the global copper market.<br /><br />In 1964, the British colony of Northern Rhodesia declared its independence and changed its name to the Republic of Zambia. The <strong>Bank of Zambia</strong> issued a Zambian version of the pound also in 1964. The Zambian pound circulated alongside the previously used British currency.

The <strong>Tanzanian Shilling</strong> (<strong>TZS</strong>) is the official currency for United Republic of Tanzania located in eastern Africa. Circulation of the TZS is by the <strong>Central Bank of Tanzania</strong> or in Swahili, the Benki Kuu Ya Tanzania. The Tanzanian shilling is made up of 100 senti, Swahili for cents. In written form, it appears as x/y with the x as the number of shillings, and they as the amount of senti.<br /><br />Initially, the <strong>Tanzanian shilling</strong> circulated in denominations of 5, 20 and 50 senti, as well as 1 shilling. The 5-senti coin is bronze, the 20-senti is nickel-brass, and the half-shilling and one-shilling coins are cupro-nickel. Currently, the Tanzanian shilling circulates in both coin and banknote form. Coins have denominations of 50, 100, 200 and 500 shilingi. The current series of coins are all made from brass, except for the 500 shilling, which is nickel-plated steel.<br /><br />In the Zanzibar region, the official currency was the <strong>Zanzibari ryal</strong>, which was in use until 1908. In 1908, the Zanzibari rupee replaced the ryal, with one ryal equaling two rupees, with final redemption coming in January 1936. Alongside the Zanzibari currencies, the East African rupee was also in use in Tanzania. The East African rupee was a form of money used across all British East Africa colonies and protectorates. It was used in Tanzania between 1906 and 1921 when it was replaced with the East African florin. The florin was itself replaced in 1921 by the East African Shilling. Five years after independence in 1961, the Tanzanian shilling replaced the East African shilling as the nation’s official currency.

The<strong> Zimbabwean dollar</strong> (sign: $, or Z$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies) was the official currency of <strong>Zimbabwe</strong> from 1980 to 12 April 2009. During this time, it was subject to periods of above-average inflation, followed by a period of hyperinflation.<br /><br />The <strong>Zimbabwean dollar</strong> was introduced in 1970 to directly replace the Rhodesian dollar at par (1:1), at a similar value to the US dollar. Over time, hyperinflation in <strong>Zimbabwe</strong> reduced the <strong>Zimbabwe dollar</strong> to one of the lowest valued currency units in the world. It was redenominated three times (in 2006, 2008 and 2009), with denominations up to a $100 trillion banknote issued. The final redenomination produced the "fourth dollar" (ZWL), which was worth 1025 ZWD (first dollars).<br /><br />Use of the <strong>Zimbabwean dollar</strong> as an official currency was effectively abandoned on 12 April 2009. It was demonetised in 2015, with outstanding accounts able to be reimbursed until April 30, 2016. In place of the <strong>Zimbabwean dollar</strong>, currencies including the South African rand, Botswana pula, pound sterling, Indian rupee, euro, Japanese yen, Australian dollar, Chinese yuan, and the United States dollar are now regularly used.